US Proposes Ceasefire Plan as Iran Rejects Negotiation Terms

On March 25, 2026—day 25 of a war the United States and Israel launched with surprise airstrikes that killed Iran's Supreme Leader Ali Khamenei—the Trump administration sent Tehran a 15-point ceasefire proposal through Pakistani intermediaries [1]. Iran's military responded within hours: the Americans, said joint command spokesperson Ebrahim Zolfaqari on state television, were "negotiating with yourself" [2].

The exchange captures a conflict defined by asymmetric aims. Washington wants a month-long truce to begin formal talks. Tehran wants reparations, an end to sanctions, and accountability for a war it did not start [3]. Between them lies a widening humanitarian crisis, a shuttered Strait of Hormuz, and global markets swinging on every headline.

How the War Began

On February 28, 2026, the United States and Israel launched coordinated airstrikes against military installations, nuclear facilities, and government buildings across Iran [4]. The strikes killed Supreme Leader Ali Khamenei and several senior military officials. Iran responded with missile and drone strikes against Israel, US bases in the region, and US-allied Gulf states [4].

The attack followed months of failed diplomacy. Beginning in April 2025, indirect US-Iran negotiations mediated by Oman attempted to reach a nuclear agreement. Trump had set a 60-day deadline. Two rounds of talks—in Muscat on April 12 and Rome on April 19—produced no breakthrough [5]. A final round of indirect negotiations took place in Oman on February 6 and again on February 26, 2026, but the two sides' publicly stated red lines were incompatible: Iran wanted discussions limited to civilian nuclear guarantees, while the US demanded concessions on missiles, regional proxies, and human rights [6].

Nina Srinivasan Rathbun, writing in The Conversation, observed that "for diplomacy to be successful, both sides need to agree on the issues subject to negotiation and also believe that peaceful resolution is more valuable than military engagement." Neither condition existed [6]. Two days after the final round of talks, the strikes began.

The 15-Point Plan: What Washington Is Offering

The ceasefire proposal, delivered to Iran through Pakistan's government, seeks a one-month cessation of hostilities to create space for formal negotiations [1]. Its reported terms include:

Demands on Iran:

• Dismantle nuclear weapons capabilities and halt all uranium enrichment [1]
• Make a permanent commitment not to pursue nuclear weapons [7]
• End funding and arms supplies to allied groups across the region [7]
• Ensure the Strait of Hormuz remains open to international shipping [8]
• Curb missile production and limit future use to self-defense [7]

Offered incentives:

• Full sanctions relief [7]
• Support for a civilian nuclear energy program, including at the Bushehr Nuclear Power Plant [7]
• Removal of the UN "snapback" mechanism that allows previously lifted sanctions to be reinstated [7]

The plan represents a significant expansion of US demands compared to the pre-war negotiations. Earlier talks focused primarily on the nuclear file; the new proposal bundles nuclear disarmament, proxy disarmament, missile limits, and freedom of navigation into a single package [6][7].

Iran's Response: "We Never Asked for a Ceasefire"

Iran's rejection has been categorical and multi-layered.

Foreign Minister Abbas Araghchi stated on March 15: "No, we never asked for a ceasefire, and we have never asked even for negotiation. We are ready to defend ourselves as long as it takes" [9]. He added: "The United States started it and is responsible for all the consequences of this war, human and financial, whether for Iran, for the region, or for the entire world" [3].

Rather than a temporary ceasefire, Iran has said it wants the war "to end completely and permanently," arguing that a pause would only allow the US and Israel to resume operations later [9].

A senior military advisor to new Supreme Leader Mojtaba Khamenei—who succeeded his father after the February 28 assassination—said any end to hostilities must include the lifting of all sanctions and reparations for war damages [7]. Parliament Speaker Mohammad Bagher Qalibaf denied Trump's claims of direct talks [7].

The rhetorical posture from Tehran's military command has been openly contemptuous. Zolfaqari asked on state television: "Has the level of your inner struggle reached the stage of you negotiating with yourself?" [2].

Can the US Be Both Combatant and Mediator?

Iran's core objection—that a country conducting airstrikes against Iranian cities cannot simultaneously serve as a neutral peace broker—has drawn support from international legal experts.

UN human rights experts issued a statement denouncing the US-Israel military campaign as "flagrant violations of international law" and calling on all parties to cease hostilities immediately [10]. The experts called for a return to diplomatic dialogue, "stressing that there is no viable alternative to the peaceful settlement of disputes" [10].

A legal commentary published by JURIST argued that the Trump administration "breached good faith" in its dealings with Iran, characterizing the transition from negotiation to military strikes as a fundamental violation of diplomatic trust [11]. The US simultaneously deployed two carrier groups—the USS Abraham Lincoln and USS Gerald R. Ford—while claiming to negotiate in February 2026 [6].

Rathbun noted that "Trump isn't the first president to fail to secure a nuclear deal, although he is the first to respond to that failure with military action" [6].

Iran has not publicly signaled willingness to accept alternative mediators, though Oman, Qatar, and the European Union have previously facilitated indirect communications [5]. Pakistan, which delivered the 15-point plan, has offered to host renewed talks [1].

Regional Stakeholders: Divergent Interests

Israel has been closely aligned with the US military campaign. When asked whether Israel would agree to end the war when the US decides, Trump responded affirmatively: "The relationship is a very good one. We want more or less similar things... We want victory—both of us" [12]. Israeli and US airstrikes on Iran and Lebanon have continued even as diplomatic proposals circulate [12].

Saudi Arabia has adopted a dual position. Riyadh wants Iran's missile capabilities "degraded as much as possible" but does not want Iranian civilian infrastructure harmed [12]. Saudi Arabia also condemned Iranian retaliatory strikes on Gulf Arab states "in the strongest terms" and warned of "dire consequences" [12].

Lebanon has been drawn into the conflict through Israeli strikes and Hezbollah involvement. Over one million people have been displaced in Lebanon, exceeding worst-case projections from humanitarian organizations [13].

The Human Cost

Source: FRED / U.S. Energy Information Administration

Data as of Mar 16, 2026CSV

Four weeks into the war, the civilian toll continues to mount.

The Iranian human rights organization HRANA reported at least 1,407 civilian deaths in Iran as of late March, including at least 214 children [14]. Iran's health ministry reported over 1,500 people under 18 injured and 300 health and emergency facilities damaged [14]. The Iranian Red Crescent Society documented 6,668 civilian structures targeted by US-Israeli strikes, including 5,535 residential units, 1,041 commercial units, 14 medical centers, and 65 schools [14].

On the US side, 13 American service members have been killed since February 28, with approximately 200 more wounded [15]. In Lebanon, 773 people have been killed, and 12 civilians and two soldiers have died in Israel [14].

Displacement figures are staggering. The UN reported that up to 3.2 million Iranians—between 600,000 and one million households—have been forcibly displaced [16]. An additional 1.65 million refugees already in Iran, including 750,000 Afghans, face heightened danger with limited access to rights or safe passage [13]. Another 3.65 million Afghan migrants living in Iran risk secondary displacement [13].

Jeremy Konyndyk, president of Refugees International, stated: "The war launched by the United States and Israel against Iran has been characterized by multiple strikes on civilian sites" [13]. His organization warned that US cuts to foreign aid have "kneecapped the global humanitarian system" at the moment of greatest need [13].

Markets: Trading on Headlines

Source: GDELT Project

Data as of Mar 25, 2026CSV

Financial markets have responded to every diplomatic signal with pronounced volatility. On March 24, following reports of the 15-point plan, S&P 500 futures rose approximately 1.1%, Dow futures gained around 311 points (0.67%), and Nasdaq 100 futures jumped 1.2% [17]. Oil prices retreated sharply—WTI crude fell roughly 4.5% to $88.23 per barrel and Brent declined 5.2% to $99.01 [18].

The swings reflect extreme sensitivity to war developments. Brent crude has oscillated between $70 per barrel before the conflict and a peak of $119.50 during the worst of the Strait of Hormuz closure [18]. The strait normally handles approximately 20 million barrels of oil per day—roughly 20% of global seaborne oil trade—and its effective shutdown has been described by the International Energy Agency as the "greatest global energy and food security challenge in history" [19].

Kerry Craig, global market strategist at J.P. Morgan Asset Management, said: "The market is trading the headlines at the moment" and cautioned that "there are still unknowns about where this actually goes from here" [17].

Beyond energy, the strait's closure has triggered supply disruptions in aluminum, fertilizer, helium, pharmaceuticals, and food. Gulf Cooperation Council states, which depend on the strait for over 80% of their caloric imports, face what analysts have called a "grocery supply emergency," with 70% of regional food imports disrupted by mid-March [19].

Suspicions of insider trading have also surfaced. Reports indicate that stock and oil futures moved sharply minutes before Trump posted about Iran on social media, prompting trading experts to raise questions about advance knowledge of diplomatic developments [20].

What Happens If Talks Collapse

If the current proposal fails—and Iran's public stance suggests it will—humanitarian organizations project conditions worsening substantially in the next 30 to 60 days.

The Council on Foreign Relations warned that the Trump administration needs a humanitarian plan "before it's too late," noting that existing aid infrastructure is insufficient to handle the scale of displacement and civilian harm [21]. Refugees International assessed the conflict is "on course for cataclysmic civilian harm, displacement, and humanitarian need" [13].

The Dallas Federal Reserve estimated that if the oil supply disruption is limited to one quarter, global real GDP growth could fall by 0.2 percentage points; a two-quarter disruption would reduce growth by 0.3 points [19]. Multiple analysts have warned that a prolonged Strait of Hormuz closure would "almost certainly trigger a global recession" [19].

On the ground, Iran has partially reopened the strait to "non-hostile" oil vessels [8], a signal that Tehran may be willing to use shipping access as a negotiating lever rather than maintain a total blockade. Whether that gesture leads to broader de-escalation or merely buys time remains the central question of a conflict now entering its second month.

The Diplomatic Gap

The distance between the two sides is measured not just in policy terms but in framing. Washington presents a plan that asks Iran to surrender its nuclear program, disarm its proxies, and limit its military—in exchange for sanctions relief. Tehran views itself as a country under attack by the very party offering to negotiate, demanding reparations and accountability before any discussion of concessions.

Previous mediation efforts through Oman collapsed under the weight of incompatible red lines [5][6]. The current proposal, delivered through Pakistan, asks for more than any prior round while the bombs continue to fall. Whether a new mediator—China, Turkey, Qatar—could bridge the gap remains untested. Iran has not publicly endorsed any alternative channel, and the US has shown no inclination to step back from its role as both combatant and would-be peacemaker.

The International Crisis Group has called for "finding an off-ramp" in the Middle East war [22], but the architecture of that off-ramp remains undefined—and the two sides are not yet building toward the same exit.