US Fires Hundreds of Tomahawk Missiles at Iran, Pentagon Alarmed

The United States has fired more than 850 Tomahawk cruise missiles into Iran in just four weeks of combat, a rate of expenditure that has triggered alarm inside the Pentagon and prompted urgent internal discussions about dwindling stockpiles [1]. The figure, first reported by The Washington Post on March 27, 2026, represents roughly a quarter of the estimated US inventory of the precision-guided weapons—and at current production rates, it could take years to replenish what has been spent [2].

The missiles, each costing between $1.4 million and $3.6 million depending on the variant, form the backbone of Operation Epic Fury, the Trump administration's name for the joint US-Israeli military campaign against Iran that began on February 28, 2026 [3]. Most were fired in the opening days of the operation, when US Navy ships and submarines launched sustained salvos against Iranian nuclear facilities, military infrastructure, and leadership targets [1].

How It Started: The Road to Operation Epic Fury

The strikes did not emerge from a vacuum. The path to war ran through more than a year of escalating tensions between Iran, Israel, and the United States.

In June 2025, Israel and the United States launched airstrikes against Iranian targets in what became known as the Twelve-Day War, a limited engagement focused on Iran's nuclear infrastructure [4]. Negotiations followed, but by early 2026, talks had stalled. In January 2026, Iranian security forces killed tens of thousands of protesters during the largest demonstrations since the 1979 Iranian Revolution, and President Donald Trump responded by threatening military action and ordering the largest US military buildup in the region since the 2003 invasion of Iraq [4].

Indirect nuclear negotiations resumed in mid-February. On February 25, Iranian foreign minister Abbas Araghchi stated that a "historic" agreement was "within reach" ahead of renewed talks in Geneva [4]. Three days later, on February 28, the United States and Israel launched surprise airstrikes across multiple Iranian cities and military installations, killing Supreme Leader Ali Khamenei and several senior officials [4].

Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu had called Trump on February 23 to inform him of Khamenei's upcoming meeting with top advisors and its location [4]. The administration cited Article II constitutional authority and characterized the strikes as preemptive, with Secretary of State Marco Rubio warning that Iran posed an "imminent threat" to US bases [5].

The Missile Expenditure: By the Numbers

The scale of Tomahawk use has few precedents. Before Operation Epic Fury, the US Navy was estimated to hold between 3,000 and 4,500 Tomahawk missiles, depending on the source [2]. The expenditure of 850-plus in four weeks means the conflict has consumed between 19% and 28% of the total inventory.

The financial cost is substantial. At an average cost of roughly $2.5 million per missile (accounting for a mix of older Block IV and newer Block V variants), the Tomahawk expenditure alone represents approximately $2.1 billion [2]. This does not account for the thousands of other munitions used: the Payne Institute estimated the US expended over 6,000 defensive and offensive munitions in the first 16 days alone, including nearly 46% of ATACMS and Precision Strike Missiles and nearly 40% of US-operated THAAD interceptors [6].

Pentagon spokesman Sean Parnell stated the military "has everything it needs to execute any mission at the time and place of the President's choosing," and Defense Secretary Pete Hegseth insisted "we've got no shortage of munitions" [2]. But privately, officials told reporters a different story. One described the number of Tomahawks remaining in the Middle East as "alarmingly low." Another warned the US supply was closing in on "Winchester"—military slang for nearly out of ammunition [1].

Source: GDELT Project

Data as of Mar 28, 2026CSV

Why the Pentagon Is Alarmed

The concern inside the Pentagon is not merely about the Iran conflict itself. It is about what comes after.

The central worry, expressed by multiple officials and analysts, is that the rapid drawdown compromises US readiness for a potential conflict with China over Taiwan—a scenario that defense planners have spent years preparing for and that requires large stockpiles of long-range precision munitions [6].

"My main concern is not that we don't have enough munitions to prosecute this conflict with Iran, it's about the day after and being able to deter China," said Ryan Brobst, an analyst at the Foundation for Defense of Democracies [7]. At a House hearing, Rep. Seth Moulton voiced similar fears that the Iran conflict would leave the US short of the munitions needed to deter Beijing [6].

Undersecretary of Defense Elbridge Colby, who has long described China as the primary US threat, faced questions from lawmakers about whether the Iran war was undermining Pacific deterrence [6]. A top Pentagon official told Congress the conflict was "not another Iraq War," attempting to reassure legislators about its scope and duration [8].

The stockpile math is unforgiving. Before the conflict, the US produced approximately 90 to 100 Tomahawk missiles per year, though some estimates place the figure as low as 50 [9]. At that rate, replacing 850 missiles would take between 8.5 and 17 years. Each missile requires 18 to 24 months to manufacture, involving thousands of precision components, with solid rocket motor production representing a critical bottleneck—only a handful of specialized US companies produce them [9].

Production Ramp-Up: Ambitious but Distant

The administration has moved to accelerate production. In February 2026, before the war began, the Pentagon signed a framework agreement with RTX (formerly Raytheon) to boost Tomahawk and SM-6 production [9]. The stated goal: increase Tomahawk output to over 1,000 units per year, roughly a twentyfold increase from the pre-war baseline of approximately 50 missiles annually [10].

Trump claimed defense contractors had agreed to "quadruple production" of advanced weaponry [2]. The Pentagon signed a separate deal with Lockheed Martin in January to quadruple THAAD interceptor production from 96 to 400 units annually over seven years [7].

But scaling defense manufacturing is not like scaling consumer goods production. The facilities are in Tucson, Arizona; Huntsville, Alabama; and Andover, Massachusetts [9]. Supply chain constraints, specialized workforce requirements, and the sheer complexity of cruise missile systems mean the ramp-up will take years to materialize. The last defense budget allocated funding for just 57 new Tomahawks [2].

Confirmed Targets and Civilian Casualties

Operation Epic Fury struck over 5,000 targets across Iran [11]. The campaign degraded Iran's nuclear and ballistic missile capability by an estimated 70%, according to the Global Defense Corp, though Iran's stockpile of intermediate-range ballistic missiles reportedly remains intact in hardened bunkers [11].

The strikes killed more than 1,000 senior IRGC and Basij commanders, with total Iranian military deaths estimated at over 6,000 [11]. But the civilian toll has drawn intense scrutiny.

The worst single incident occurred at the Shajareh Tayyebeh elementary school in Minab, Hormozgan province, where a strike killed more than 160 children, most of them girls aged seven to twelve [12]. Photos published by CNN appeared to show US Tomahawk missile fragments at the site [13]. A Pentagon probe confirmed a US missile hit the school, which was located near an IRGC base [14]. NPR reported that Defense Secretary Hegseth was briefed on the findings [14].

The human rights organization HRANA documented 3,114 deaths from airstrikes by March 17, including 1,354 civilians, 1,138 military personnel, and 622 unclassified [15]. The Kurdish rights group Hengaw reported 5,900 killed in 21 days, including 595 civilians [16]. The Iranian Red Crescent Society reported that US-Israeli strikes had damaged over 6,668 civilian structures, including 5,535 residential units, 65 schools, and 14 medical centers [11].

These figures remain difficult to independently verify in the fog of war, and the various monitoring organizations use different methodologies and definitions of "civilian."

Source: U.S. Energy Information Administration

Data as of Mar 23, 2026CSV

The Legal Battle: War Without a Declaration

The strikes were launched without congressional authorization, a fact that has deeply divided lawmakers [17].

The administration invoked Article II of the Constitution, which grants the president authority as commander in chief to direct military forces. Secretary Rubio framed the operation as preemptive self-defense against an imminent Iranian threat [5]. But this characterization faces significant challenges.

The International Atomic Energy Agency stated that while Iran maintained an "ambitious" nuclear program and had refused inspections of sites damaged in the 2025 strikes, there was "no evidence of a structured nuclear weapons program" at the time of the February 2026 attacks [5]. A Defense Intelligence Agency assessment found Iran was not capable of building intercontinental ballistic missiles until 2035 [5].

The Brennan Center for Justice called the strikes "unconstitutional," arguing that the scale of the operation—a sustained multi-week bombing campaign against a sovereign nation—far exceeds the limited, defensive military actions that presidents have historically conducted under Article II authority without congressional approval [18].

Legal scholars are split. Supporters cite Iran's "decades-long pattern of armed attacks, direct and by proxy," with retired General Jim Mattis arguing one could "probably never make a charge that this is an illegal war" given that pattern [5]. Critics counter that this is "a premeditated, preventive war, not a defensive action to address an imminent threat to the United States" [5].

In the Senate, a bipartisan resolution led by Democratic Sen. Tim Kaine and Republican Sen. Rand Paul would require the president to obtain explicit congressional authorization before continuing hostilities [17]. The measure is widely expected to fall short of the two-thirds majority needed to override a presidential veto [17].

Iran's Response: Retaliation and the Strait of Hormuz

Iran did not absorb the strikes passively. Following the killing of Khamenei, Iran launched retaliatory missile and drone attacks on US military bases and struck Bahrain, Israel, Jordan, Kuwait, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, and the UAE [19]. A senior IRGC commander stated Iran was firing missiles with payloads of 1,000 kg or more, and AFP reported the attacks were the "most intense and heaviest" since the start of the war [19].

The IRGC moved to close the Strait of Hormuz, through which roughly 20% of global oil supply passes, issuing warnings prohibiting vessel passage and effectively halting commercial shipping [19]. On March 9, Trump announced his intent to seize control of the strait, and on March 19, US forces began a military campaign to reopen it [19].

On March 22, Iran sent a letter to International Maritime Organization member states stating that "non-hostile" ships could pass through if they coordinated with Iranian authorities [19]. On March 23, Trump said the US was in talks with Iran to end the war—a claim Tehran denied [20].

Iran retains significant asymmetric capabilities: sea mines, fast attack boats, submarines, shore-based cruise missiles, and a network of proxy forces across the region [19]. Analysts assess that while the US military has the capacity to counter these forces and restore shipping, Iran's geography and unconventional warfare methods give it considerable defensive advantages [19].

Mojtaba Khamenei, son of the killed supreme leader, was elected on March 8 to succeed his father, and the IRGC pledged allegiance to the new leader [4].

Source: Washington Post / Analyst Estimates

Data as of Mar 27, 2026CSV

The Proportionality Question

Independent military analysts remain divided on whether the scale of Operation Epic Fury was proportionate to the threat.

The Atlantic Council convened experts who offered sharply differing assessments [21]. Some argued that Iran's combined nuclear ambitions, proxy warfare, and direct attacks on US allies constituted a cumulative threat that justified large-scale preemptive action. Others characterized the operation as a "preventive war" launched against a country that, by the intelligence community's own assessment, did not pose an imminent military threat to the United States [5].

RAND Corporation analysts noted that the only clear path to a decisive outcome—especially for Israel—would be regime change, "a far longer, costlier, and more destabilizing undertaking than a limited air campaign is likely to achieve" [22]. The Stimson Center gathered expert reactions noting that the strikes "signal to the world" a willingness to use overwhelming force preemptively [23].

The war's cost extends beyond missiles. The Pentagon has sought over $200 billion from Congress for war funding [2]. Oil prices spiked from roughly $67 per barrel before the conflict to nearly $99 by mid-March, driven by Strait of Hormuz disruptions [24]. Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelensky warned that prolonged Middle East conflict could strain air-defense supplies that his country depends on: "Everyone understands that the right weapons are our lifeline" [7].

What Comes Next

Four weeks into Operation Epic Fury, the US military has achieved significant degradation of Iran's nuclear and military infrastructure. But the strategic costs are mounting: a quarter of the Tomahawk stockpile expended, allies questioning US reliability as an arms supplier, a legal framework under strain, and a civilian death toll that includes more than 160 children at a single school.

The production ramp-up promises relief in years, not months. The Strait of Hormuz remains contested. Iran's new supreme leader has the IRGC's full backing. And in the Pacific, Chinese military planners are watching the US burn through the same precision munitions that American war planners had earmarked for the defense of Taiwan.

The missile math, as CNN described it, is "troubling" [25]. Whether the strategic gains justify the expenditure—in weapons, in treasure, in lives, and in readiness—is a question that will define this conflict's legacy.