US-Iran Peace Talks in Pakistan Collapse After 21-Hour Negotiations

The most significant direct engagement between the United States and Iran since the 1979 revolution ended on the morning of April 12, 2026, with no agreement. Vice President JD Vance, who led the US delegation through 21 consecutive hours of negotiations in Islamabad, Pakistan, stepped before cameras to deliver a blunt assessment: "The bad news is that we have not reached an agreement. And I think that's bad news for Iran much more than it's bad news for the US... they have chosen not to accept our terms" [1].

Iran's Foreign Ministry responded more temperately. Spokesman Esmaeil Baghaei said: "Naturally, from the beginning, we should not have expected to reach an agreement in a single session" [4]. Tehran expressed confidence that contacts would continue through Pakistan and regional partners.

The talks had been meant to convert a fragile two-week ceasefire — brokered by Pakistan on April 7 after six weeks of open war following the US-Israeli Operation Epic Fury launched February 28 — into a durable peace framework [6]. Instead, the two sides remain locked in a standoff over nuclear enrichment, the Strait of Hormuz, and the future of Iran's regional proxy networks, with WTI crude oil sitting at $114 per barrel, up 86.7% year over year [1][7].

The Two Plans: What Each Side Put on the Table

The architecture of the negotiations rested on competing frameworks. President Trump's team presented a 15-point plan; Iran countered with a 10-point proposal. Both were widely understood as opening positions, but the gap between them proved unbridgeable in 21 hours [9].

Trump's 15-point plan demanded, among other provisions: a 30-day ceasefire extension; the dismantling of Iran's nuclear enrichment facilities; strict IAEA oversight with unfettered inspector access; limits on Iran's ballistic missile program; an end to Iranian support for proxy groups including Hezbollah and the Houthis; and the permanent, unconditional reopening of the Strait of Hormuz to international shipping [9][2]. Trump himself had stated bluntly that there would be "no enrichment of Uranium" — a maximalist position that went beyond even the 2015 JCPOA, which permitted enrichment up to 3.67% [2].

Iran's 10-point plan moved in the opposite direction: reopening the Strait of Hormuz under Iranian military coordination with a transit protocol; sanctions relief and the release of frozen assets (including roughly $6 billion held abroad); compensation for damages suffered during the war; a commitment to non-aggression by the US; an end to Israeli attacks against Hezbollah in Lebanon; a full US military withdrawal from regional bases; and acceptance of Iran's right to nuclear enrichment for peaceful purposes [4][9][10].

The nuclear question was the sharpest divide. The US position required Iran to surrender its entire enrichment capability. Iran's position treated enrichment as a sovereign right, even for medical isotope production. Neither side moved substantially on this point across the 21-hour session [4][1].

Iran's Nuclear Program: The Numbers Behind the Standoff

Understanding why enrichment dominated the talks requires examining how far Iran's nuclear program has advanced since the collapse of the JCPOA in 2018, when the Trump administration withdrew.

Under the JCPOA, Iran was limited to a stockpile of 300 kilograms of low-enriched uranium (enriched to no more than 3.67%), and its breakout time — the period needed to produce enough weapons-grade uranium (enriched to 90%) for a single device — was estimated at roughly 12 months [13].

By February 2025, Iran's stockpile of 60% highly enriched uranium had reached 275 kilograms, up from 182 kg just four months earlier. Its total enriched uranium stockpile, at varying enrichment levels, exceeded 12,600 kg — more than 40 times the JCPOA limit [13][14]. Experts assessed that Iran's breakout time had collapsed from 12 months to effectively near zero: with its advanced centrifuge cascades and existing 60% stockpile, Iran could theoretically produce enough weapons-grade material for a single device within one to two weeks [13].

Source: IAEA / Arms Control Association

Data as of Feb 1, 2026CSV

Iran announced additional plans in late 2024 to further expand its enrichment program, which would decrease breakout timelines to multiple bombs' worth of weapons-grade uranium [13]. The killing of Supreme Leader Ayatollah Ali Khamenei during Operation Epic Fury in February 2026 did not slow this trajectory — if anything, it empowered hardline factions pushing to cross the weapons threshold [15][16].

The Strait of Hormuz: Chokepoint for the Global Economy

The second irreconcilable demand concerned the Strait of Hormuz, the 21-mile-wide passage between Iran and Oman through which roughly one-fifth of global petroleum consumption flows daily — approximately 20 million barrels per day as of 2024 [17].

The strait's closure by Iran's Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC) on February 28, 2026, immediately after the start of hostilities, triggered what the head of the International Energy Agency called "the greatest global energy security challenge in history" [7]. The IRGC issued warnings forbidding passage, launched 21 confirmed attacks on merchant ships, and reportedly laid sea mines in the waterway [18].

The downstream effects were severe. Brent crude surged past $120 per barrel by early March. Oil production from Kuwait, Iraq, Saudi Arabia, and the UAE collectively dropped by an estimated 10 million barrels per day by mid-March. QatarEnergy declared force majeure on all LNG exports — the strait carries approximately 19% of global LNG trade, including 93% of Qatar's and 96% of the UAE's LNG shipments [7][17][18].

Source: FRED / EIA

Data as of Apr 6, 2026CSV

Asian economies bore the heaviest exposure. China alone accounts for 37.7% of oil flows through the strait, followed by India at 14.7%, South Korea at 12%, and Japan at 10.9% [17]. The maritime blockade also triggered a food emergency across Gulf Cooperation Council states, which depend on the strait for over 80% of their caloric imports; by mid-March, 70% of the region's food imports were disrupted, with consumer prices spiking 40–120% [7].

Source: EIA / Visual Capitalist

Data as of Mar 1, 2026CSV

Iran's demand to reopen the strait under its own military coordination — effectively asserting sovereignty over the waterway and the right to charge transit fees — was treated by Washington as a nonstarter. The US position required unconditional reopening with freedom of navigation guaranteed [9][4].

Why Pakistan — and Who Else Was in the Room

The choice of Islamabad as the venue was itself a story of shifting diplomatic alignments. Previous US-Iran negotiations had been facilitated by Oman and Qatar, but both countries came under Iranian missile fire during the war, disqualifying them as neutral hosts [5].

Pakistan stepped into the vacuum. Prime Minister Shehbaz Sharif and Army Chief General Asim Munir had been working back channels for weeks. Trump explicitly credited them, saying he agreed to the April 7 ceasefire "based on conversations with Prime Minister Shehbaz Sharif and Field Marshal Asim Munir, of Pakistan" [5]. Trump also recognized Pakistan as "the only nuclear-capable country" in the Muslim world — a remark analysts interpreted as acknowledgment that Pakistan's own nuclear deterrent gave it credibility on proliferation questions [5].

Pakistan's mediation operated through a "quadrilateral mechanism" alongside Saudi Arabia, Turkey, and Egypt, whose foreign ministers met in Riyadh and later in Islamabad on March 29 [5]. China played a parallel track: Deputy Prime Minister Ishaq Dar traveled to Beijing after the Islamabad meeting, where he and Chinese Foreign Minister Wang Yi outlined a five-point initiative including a ceasefire, early dialogue, civilian protection, restoration of Hormuz shipping, and an expanded UN role [5].

The sequencing mattered. Pakistan shaped the "sequencing, timing and framing of proposals," serving as the conduit through which the US 15-point plan and Iran's 10-point counter were exchanged [5]. In the critical final hours before the April 7 ceasefire deadline, General Munir maintained direct communication with Trump while Pakistani officials pressed Tehran [5].

Domestic Factions: Who Wants No Deal

On the Iranian side, the killing of Khamenei shifted power toward the IRGC, whose leaders now openly question Iran's continued adherence to the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) [15]. The IRGC-affiliated Tasnim News Agency published an editorial on March 26 calling for immediate NPT withdrawal while maintaining a civilian nuclear program — widely read as advocacy for weapons capability under civilian cover [16].

Iranian parliamentarians have introduced legislation to withdraw from the NPT, revoke laws tied to the defunct JCPOA, and "support a new international treaty with aligned countries [including the Shanghai Cooperation Organization and BRICS] on developing peaceful nuclear technologies" [16]. At least five political groupings are competing to set Iran's post-Khamenei direction, from hardline absolutists seeking total power to pragmatic conservatives open to negotiation to militant opposition groups outside the regime entirely [15].

On the US side, Congressional dynamics present a different but equally constraining obstacle. Senate Republicans have blocked all eight war powers resolutions introduced since the conflict began, including three votes in March alone. In each case, only Senator Rand Paul (R-Kentucky) crossed the aisle to vote with Democrats; Senator John Fetterman (D-Pennsylvania) voted with Republicans [20][21].

But Republican support for military action does not translate to support for any deal. Senators Lindsey Graham and Tom Cotton have warned that any nuclear agreement would require Senate ratification as a treaty and would only receive approval if Iran "fully dismantled its enrichment capabilities and addressed its missile and terrorism activities" [11]. In May 2025, 52 senators and 177 House members wrote to Trump rejecting any deal that would leave open a path to nuclear weapons [11]. The administration has refused to commit to submitting any agreement for Senate ratification, raising constitutional questions about the durability of any executive-only accord [11].

The Case That No Deal Was the Right Outcome

A strand of analysis holds that any deal reachable in 21 hours would have been worse than no deal. The core argument: a rushed agreement would lock in Iran's existing nuclear threshold — 12,600 kg of enriched uranium, near-zero breakout time, advanced centrifuge infrastructure — by trading those capabilities for concessions that are easily reversible, like sanctions relief.

As Time noted, the agreement would have left Iran with "significant leverage over the Strait of Hormuz" and its missile capabilities largely intact, while forcing Israel to accept Iranian military capacity that remained undiminished [22]. Without addressing the underlying military and political objectives of both sides, "a war paused without a political framework is not a conflict resolved. It is a conflict deferred" [22].

From this perspective, Vance's walkout preserved US leverage for a more comprehensive framework — one that might require months of negotiation but could impose verifiable constraints on enrichment and dismantle Hormuz chokepoint risk, rather than freezing both in place.

Critics of this view, including Iran's negotiating team and Pakistan's Foreign Minister Ishaq Dar, counter that incremental progress was being made and that the perfect should not be the enemy of the good. Dar urged both sides to continue despite the outcome, calling the 21-hour session "intense and constructive" [1][5].

What Happens in the Next 30–90 Days

The immediate question is whether the two-week ceasefire, set to expire around April 21, holds or collapses. Oil markets are pricing in uncertainty: WTI crude at $114 reflects partial relief from the ceasefire but remains far above the pre-war $65 level [7].

On the Iranian side, hardliners are likely to use the failed talks to justify further nuclear expansion. The parliamentary push to exit the NPT will gain momentum. If the ceasefire expires without renewal, the IRGC is positioned to reimpose the Hormuz blockade. Surviving leadership, absent regime collapse, will "move to rebuild what it perceives as essential deterrent capabilities," according to military analysts [19].

On the US and Israeli side, Operation Epic Fury struck Iranian nuclear sites and missile infrastructure, but much of the enrichment capability survived in hardened underground facilities. The question of further military action — potentially targeting remaining centrifuge production lines — looms. Netanyahu has framed continued confrontation as essential, opposing any outcome that leaves Iran "more resilient than before" [22].

On sanctions, a key oil sanctions waiver expires April 19. Given the uncertain trajectory of negotiations, the administration is expected to extend the license, but the statutory sanctions underlying it would require Congressional action to remove — action that the current Senate composition makes unlikely [23].

Pakistan's Foreign Minister Dar has signaled that Islamabad remains available to facilitate further rounds. Remote contacts between the delegations may continue through Pakistani channels [4][5]. But the structural barriers — Iran's refusal to abandon enrichment, the US refusal to accept it, and the unresolved Hormuz question — remain exactly where they were before the 21 hours began.

The ceasefire clock is ticking. The centrifuges, presumably, have not stopped.