Acting ICE Director Todd Lyons Submits Resignation

On the evening of April 16, 2026, the Department of Homeland Security announced that Acting ICE Director Todd Lyons had submitted his resignation to DHS Secretary Markwayne Mullin [1]. His last day will be May 31. The departure closes a turbulent 14-month chapter at the helm of Immigration and Customs Enforcement — one defined by record-breaking deportation figures, a massive hiring surge, fatal encounters with U.S. citizens, two hospitalizations for stress, and persistent questions about whether Lyons was executing the White House immigration agenda fast enough for its architects.

The Timeline: From Boston Field Office to the Top of ICE

Todd Michael Lyons, 52, is an Air Force veteran who joined ICE as a field agent in 2007 [2]. He rose through the ranks to become assistant director of field operations within ICE's Enforcement and Removal Operations (ERO) division, and led the agency's Boston field office before his appointment to the top job [3].

Lyons was named acting director on March 9, 2025, by then-DHS Secretary Kristi Noem, two weeks after his predecessor, Caleb Vitello, was reassigned on February 21, 2025 [4]. Vitello's removal came amid frustration within the Trump administration about what officials considered an insufficient pace of arrests and deportations [5]. Noem described Lyons and his new deputy, Madison Sheahan, as "work horses, strong executors, and accountable leaders" [4].

Enforcement by the Numbers

Under Lyons' leadership, ICE operations expanded dramatically. The agency reported 379,000 arrests and over 475,000 removals in its first year under the second Trump administration [1]. In fiscal year 2025, ICE deported 442,000 people total, of whom roughly 167,000 — about 38% — had criminal records (including both convictions and pending charges) [6].

Source: ICE ERO Statistics / Axios

Data as of Apr 15, 2026CSV

The scale of interior enforcement — deportations carried out away from the border — increased by a factor of 4.6 compared to the Biden administration baseline during the first nine months of Trump's second term [7]. By early 2026, daily removal rates averaged 1,286 per day, peaking at 1,456 per day in late January [7].

Arrests of individuals with no criminal record surged by 2,450 percent in Trump's first year back in office, driven by tactics including "at-large" street operations, roving patrols, worksite raids, and arrests at immigration court hearings and ICE check-ins [8]. Street arrests rose 11-fold compared to previous years [8].

Detention and the Workforce Explosion

The detention population tracked closely with the enforcement surge. The average daily number of people in ICE custody rose from roughly 40,000 in January 2025 to approximately 73,000 by January 2026 — a 75% increase and the highest level ever recorded [9]. ICE opened 152 new detention facilities across 39 states during this period [10].

Source: Vera Institute / ICE Detention Management

Data as of Mar 31, 2026CSV

The workforce grew even faster. In January 2026, DHS announced that ICE had hired more than 12,000 officers and agents in under a year, a 120% increase that brought total officer and agent strength from about 10,000 to more than 22,000 [11]. The hiring was funded by $8 billion allocated through the One Big Beautiful Bill Act passed by Congress in mid-2025 [11].

Source: DHS Press Release

Data as of Jan 3, 2026CSV

To achieve this pace, DHS shortened ICE agent training from six months to approximately six weeks, offered $50,000 signing bonuses, expanded student loan repayment benefits, and removed age caps for new hires [11]. The compressed training timeline drew scrutiny from some lawmakers who raised concerns about readiness and accountability standards [12].

The Health Toll: Hospitalizations and the Miller Factor

Behind the record numbers was a leader under severe strain. In March 2026, Politico reported that Lyons had been hospitalized at least twice for stress-related issues — first in September 2025, when he was admitted overnight, and again in December 2025, when his security detail drove him to a Washington, D.C., hospital [13].

Sources told Politico that pressure from the White House — particularly from senior immigration adviser Stephen Miller — contributed to the strain. The reporting described Lyons as at times "visibly upset and struggling" and indicated that stress had caused him to "struggle to make key decisions for the agency" [14]. On one occasion, a member of his security detail borrowed a defibrillator from a government office in case Lyons needed medical help while traveling [13].

The White House disputed the characterization. A spokesperson called the Politico report "inaccurate trash" [15]. Lyons himself told reporters that nothing would prevent him from doing his job [13].

His family experienced the pressure too. After a contentious February 2026 congressional hearing — during which Rep. Eric Swalwell demanded Lyons resign and Rep. Daniel Goldman pressed him on the fatal shooting of two U.S. citizens in Minneapolis — Lyons' father, Tommy Lyons, told the Boston Globe he had to restrain himself from throwing something at his television [3]. His son "hadn't anticipated that level of ferocity and anger," the elder Lyons said [3].

The Stated Reason — and What It Leaves Unsaid

Lyons cited family obligations as his reason for leaving, telling associates he wanted to spend more time with his sons, who are "reaching a pivotal point in their lives" [16]. Mullin's statement was brief and cordial: "Thanks to his leadership, American communities are safer. We wish him luck on his next opportunity in the private sector" [1].

White House border czar Tom Homan praised Lyons' tenure: "ICE achieved a record number of removals in the first year of this Administration, despite unprecedented challenges" [1]. Stephen Miller called Lyons "a phenomenal patriot and dedicated leader who has been at the center of President Trump's historic efforts to secure our homeland" [1].

No administration official attributed the departure to policy disagreements, and Lyons has not publicly contradicted the family-time explanation. But the documented hospitalizations, the compressed training controversy, and the reported White House pressure campaign provide context that complicates the framing of a routine, voluntary exit.

The Hardliner Case: Was Lyons a Restraining Force?

Immigration restrictionist groups and some enforcement hawks within the administration had expressed periodic frustration with the pace of operations under Lyons — frustrations that echo the dissatisfaction that led to his predecessor Vitello's removal [5].

The case that Lyons' departure could benefit enforcement hardliners rests on several data points. First, Lyons was a career ICE official — not a political appointee — and career officials often resist operational demands they view as logistically unfeasible or legally risky. Second, new DHS Secretary Mullin told the Senate during his confirmation that he envisioned ICE becoming more of a "transport" agency rather than "the front line" of enforcement, suggesting a potential restructuring that could shift authority [17]. Third, Mullin's team has already paused and begun reviewing the construction of "mega warehouse" detention facilities — a signal that operational philosophy may shift under new leadership [18].

Whether a replacement with a more aggressive posture would actually accelerate enforcement, however, depends on factors beyond any single leader's orientation — including court orders, congressional funding, and diplomatic cooperation from receiving countries.

The Succession Question and the Acting Director Problem

Mullin did not announce a successor when he disclosed Lyons' resignation [1]. Finding one will be among his first major personnel decisions since being confirmed as DHS Secretary on March 23, 2026 [19].

ICE has not had a Senate-confirmed director since Sarah Saldaña stepped down on January 20, 2017 [20]. In the nine years since, the agency has cycled through roughly a dozen acting directors — a record of instability unmatched by most federal agencies of comparable size and authority.

This pattern carries legal consequences. The Federal Vacancies Reform Act of 1998 limits how long an acting official can serve in a position requiring Senate confirmation — generally 210 days, or 300 days during a presidential transition period [21]. The Government Accountability Office has previously found ICE acting directors in violation of this statute; when violations occur, private parties can sue to void actions taken by the improperly serving official [22]. Only the agency head — in this case, the DHS Secretary — can perform the functions of a vacant position when no one is lawfully serving under the Act [21].

Whether the Trump administration intends to nominate a Senate-confirmed ICE director remains unclear. No nomination has been announced or reported as forthcoming.

Legal Challenges Pending Against ICE

Lyons' departure does not pause the significant legal challenges currently facing the agency. Among the active cases:

Courthouse arrests: The National Immigrant Justice Center, Democracy Forward, RAICES, and the Lawyers' Committee for Civil Rights filed a class action in the U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia challenging ICE's practice of arresting people at scheduled immigration court hearings. The suit alleges DHS-DOJ coordination that stripped individuals of due process by funneling them into expedited removal [23].

Fast-track deportation: The ACLU secured a federal court order blocking the administration's expanded use of expedited removal proceedings while litigation continues [24].

Refugee detention (Operation PARRIS): A federal judge in Minnesota issued a temporary restraining order barring ICE from arresting lawfully resettled refugees under Operation PARRIS, and ordered the release of detained refugees [25].

Administrative warrant authority: The American Immigration Council has challenged ICE's assertion that agents can forcibly enter homes based solely on administrative I-205 forms signed by ICE supervisors, rather than judicial warrants [26]. Mullin himself acknowledged this issue during his confirmation, telling senators he would require agents to obtain judicial warrants for home entries [17].

A leadership transition does not typically create standing issues in ongoing litigation, since the cases name the agency and the government rather than the individual director. However, gaps in leadership can slow internal decision-making about litigation strategy, settlement offers, and policy revisions in response to court orders.

The Broader Pattern: What Acting Leadership Costs

The Brookings Institution and other governance researchers have documented the costs of extended acting leadership at federal agencies [27]. Acting officials often lack the political capital to make long-term strategic decisions, push back against White House demands, or command the same institutional loyalty from career staff that a Senate-confirmed leader would. They serve at the pleasure of whoever appointed them and can be replaced without any congressional process — as Vitello's reassignment demonstrated.

For ICE, which has grown from roughly 10,000 officers to 22,000 in a single year [11], the leadership instability compounds the operational risks associated with rapid scaling. Thousands of new agents trained under a compressed six-week program [12] are now operating in a highly litigated enforcement environment. The question of who provides strategic direction — and with what legal authority — is not academic.

What Comes Next

Lyons will serve through May 31. Between now and then, DHS must identify either another acting director or — for the first time since 2017 — submit a nomination for Senate confirmation. The choice will signal whether the administration views the ICE director role as a political instrument to be rotated as needed, or an institutional leadership position requiring the durability and accountability that confirmation provides.

The agency Lyons leaves behind is larger, more active, and more controversial than the one he inherited. It conducts more arrests, detains more people, and employs more agents than at any point in its 23-year history. It also faces more lawsuits, more congressional scrutiny, and more public attention than ever before. The next person to lead it — acting or confirmed — will inherit all of it.