US Seizes Iranian-Flagged Cargo Ship in Strait of Hormuz

On April 19, 2026, the guided-missile destroyer USS Spruance fired several rounds from its 5-inch gun into the engine room of the Iranian-flagged cargo vessel M/V Touska, disabling its propulsion system in the Gulf of Oman [1]. Marines from the 31st Marine Expeditionary Unit boarded the nearly 900-foot vessel and took custody of the ship and its crew [2]. The seizure — the first forcible interception since the United States imposed a naval blockade of Iranian ports on April 13 — escalated a standoff that has closed the Strait of Hormuz to most international shipping and triggered the largest energy supply disruption in recorded history [3].

What Happened: The Six-Hour Standoff

According to U.S. Central Command, the USS Spruance intercepted the Touska as it transited the northern Arabian Sea en route to the Iranian port of Bandar Abbas [4]. Over a six-hour period, the destroyer issued repeated warnings to the vessel to halt. When the Iranian crew refused to comply, the Spruance ordered the Touska to evacuate its engine room and then fired, blowing what President Trump described as "a hole in the engineroom" [1].

Trump announced the seizure on social media, stating that Marines were now "seeing what's on board" and that the vessel was "under U.S. Treasury Sanctions because of their prior history of illegal activity" [5]. The Touska is listed on the U.S. Office of Foreign Assets Control (OFAC) Specially Designated Nationals (SDN) list, linked to the Islamic Republic of Iran Shipping Lines (IRISL) [6]. CENTCOM characterized the operation as conducted "in a deliberate, professional, and proportional manner" [4].

As of this writing, the specific cargo aboard the Touska has not been publicly disclosed. The vessel's declared manifest and any alleged discrepancies remain unknown, and the US government has not identified specific prohibited items beyond citing the ship's sanctions designation. The legal authority for the seizure appears to rest on the vessel's SDN listing and its attempted breach of the active naval blockade, rather than on any particular cargo violation [5][6].

The Blockade: Context and Scale

The Touska seizure did not occur in isolation. It is the sharpest incident in a broader military operation that began on April 13, 2026, when the United States imposed a naval blockade on ships entering and exiting Iranian ports [7]. The enforcement operation involves more than a dozen warships, over 100 aircraft, and personnel exceeding 10,000 [4]. Since the blockade began, US forces have directed 25 commercial vessels to turn around or return to Iranian ports [4].

The blockade itself is a response to Iran's closure of the Strait of Hormuz. On March 2, 2026, a senior official in the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC) confirmed the strait was closed to international shipping, subsequently threatening any vessel that attempted transit [3]. On March 27, the IRGC narrowed its declaration, announcing the strait was closed to vessels traveling "to and from" the ports of the US, Israel, and their allies [3]. This came in the context of the US-Israeli military campaign against Iran that began in late February 2026 [8].

Oil Markets and Economic Fallout

The Strait of Hormuz is the world's most consequential maritime chokepoint. In the first half of 2025, approximately 20.9 million barrels of oil per day transited the strait, representing roughly 20% of global seaborne oil trade [9]. On an average day, about 138 commercial vessels passed through its two shipping lanes [9].

The crisis has decimated that flow. Since March 2026, daily transit numbers for non-Iranian ships have dropped to single digits, down from pre-crisis averages exceeding 153 vessels per day [9]. The disruption has restricted shipments by more than 90% — approximately 10 million barrels per day of oil production removed from global markets [3].

Source: EIA / IEA

Data as of Apr 19, 2026CSV

The Touska seizure compounded market anxiety. On April 19, WTI crude futures jumped 7.14% to $89.94 per barrel, while Brent crude climbed 5.9% to $95.71 [10]. Dow Jones futures fell 407 points (0.82%), S&P 500 futures dropped 0.67%, and Nasdaq futures lost 0.57% [10]. Gold declined 1.6% to $4,801.40 per ounce [10].

Source: Fortune / Market Data

Data as of Apr 19, 2026CSV

WTI crude has risen 62.5% year-over-year, from around $62 in April 2025 to over $100 in April 2026, with an intra-month peak of $114.58 [11].

Source: FRED / EIA

Data as of Apr 13, 2026CSV

A History of Seizures: How This Compares

The United States has a track record of seizing or interdicting Iranian-linked vessels, though the Touska case differs from prior incidents in both legal basis and geopolitical context.

During the "maximum pressure" sanctions campaign of 2019–2020, the most prominent seizure involved the M/T Grace 1, a Panamanian-flagged supertanker carrying Iranian crude oil to Syria. British Royal Navy forces seized the ship off Gibraltar in July 2019 at U.S. behest, citing EU sanctions on Syria [12]. The US subsequently attempted to seize the vessel under federal forfeiture law. In 2020, the US seized four tankers — the Bella, Bering, Pandi, and Luna — carrying Iranian gasoline to Venezuela, using civil forfeiture actions based on IRGC terrorism-financing statutes [12].

Those earlier seizures were framed as sanctions enforcement actions targeting specific cargo — Iranian oil bound for sanctioned destinations. The Touska seizure is categorically different: it occurred as part of an active naval blockade during what multiple governments characterize as an armed conflict, and the legal basis rests on the vessel's sanctions designation and blockade violation rather than specific contraband [5][6].

The Legal Fault Lines

Three competing legal frameworks collide at the Strait of Hormuz, and the Touska seizure exposes the tensions among all of them.

UNCLOS and Transit Passage. The UN Convention on the Law of the Sea, Part III, Articles 37–44, establishes that all ships have a right of transit passage through international straits "which shall not be impeded," and that "there shall be no suspension of transit passage" [13]. The Strait of Hormuz qualifies as an international strait composed of the territorial waters of Iran and Oman.

Neither the US nor Iran has ratified UNCLOS. Iran signed the convention in 1982 but never ratified it, specifically because it rejects the transit passage provisions, which it called "quid pro quo bargains" rather than customary international law [14]. Iran instead invokes the older "innocent passage" standard from the 1958 Territorial Seas Convention and the 1949 Corfu Channel case, under which coastal states retain broader authority to regulate or suspend passage for security reasons [14].

The US, despite also not ratifying UNCLOS, treats the transit passage regime as customary international law and conducts Freedom of Navigation operations to assert this interpretation [13].

The Law of Naval Warfare. Under the 1907 Hague Convention XIII and the San Remo Manual on International Law Applicable to Armed Conflicts at Sea, blockades are permitted as economic warfare tools but must meet strict conditions: formal declaration, impartial application, and protection of neutral shipping [13]. The US blockade of Iranian ports raises questions about whether these conditions are met, particularly regarding neutral vessels.

Self-Defense Under the UN Charter. Article 51 of the UN Charter permits states to act in self-defense when "an armed attack occurs," subject to necessity and proportionality requirements [13].

International law scholars are divided. James Kraska of the US Naval War College has characterized Iran's legal claims as "lawfare," arguing Iran must abide by the UNCLOS framework [14]. But other scholars point out that imposing an actual blockade in an international strait places Washington in a legal gray zone, potentially undermining the very freedom-of-navigation norms the US relies on globally [15]. Professor María García Casas of the Autonomous University of Madrid has noted that under innocent passage, measures should be "directed only at U.S. or Israeli vessels, rather than all ships" [15].

A Lawfare analysis concluded that "existing frameworks cannot reconcile modern economic warfare in chokepoints affecting multiple neutral states with protections for international navigation," exposing fundamental gaps in maritime law [13].

The Strongest Case Against the Seizure

Critics of the Touska seizure advance both legal and strategic arguments.

On legality, international law scholars characterize a naval blockade as an act of war, and argue that imposing one without UN Security Council authorization or a clear self-defense justification risks violating international law [15]. The Christian Science Monitor reported that the blockade "challenges international law" by restricting navigation in a strait that dozens of nations depend on for energy imports [16]. A Just Security analysis examined whether the blockade meets the requirements of international humanitarian law, including the proportionality of blocking civilian commerce in an international strait [17].

On strategy, the concern is precedential. The US Freedom of Navigation program has for decades challenged what it considers excessive maritime claims by other states, including China's claims in the South China Sea. By imposing a blockade in an international strait, the US may be undermining the legal principles it invokes elsewhere. If the US can blockade the Strait of Hormuz, critics argue, the precedent weakens US objections when other states restrict navigation in contested waterways [13][15].

Iran's UN Ambassador Amir Saeid Iravani has condemned the blockade as "a flagrant violation of Iran's sovereignty and territorial integrity" and "an illegal act of aggression that threatens regional and international peace and security" [18].

The Strongest Case for the Seizure

Proponents of the seizure point to several justifications.

The Touska is an OFAC-designated vessel linked to IRISL, which has been sanctioned since 2008 for supporting Iran's ballistic missile and nuclear programs [6]. The vessel attempted to breach an active naval blockade, and under the laws of naval warfare, blockade runners can be seized regardless of their cargo [13].

The broader blockade, supporters argue, is a response to Iran's own closure of the Strait of Hormuz — an act that shut down 20% of global oil trade and harmed dozens of countries. A March 11 UN Security Council resolution demanded an end to attacks by Iran and its proxies against Arab states and reaffirmed "the right of ships to traverse the Strait of Hormuz" [19]. The UAE's ambassador to the US, Yousef al-Otaiba, rejected a ceasefire as "not enough" and called for a "conclusive outcome" against Iran [19]. Thirty-five countries, including the UK, expressed "readiness to contribute to appropriate efforts to ensure safe passage" through the strait [19].

International Reactions

International opinion is fractured.

Supporting the US position: The UK and 34 other nations expressed willingness to support safe passage operations [19]. The UAE called for a decisive outcome. Israel, a co-belligerent in the broader military campaign, has supported the blockade.

Opposing the US position: China called the blockade "a dangerous and irresponsible act" that would "further enflame tensions" [19]. Iran has condemned it as illegal aggression. When Trump called on NATO and China to help reopen the strait in March, both declined [19].

Compared to prior campaigns: During the 2019–2020 maximum pressure period, the US operated through sanctions enforcement and coalition patrols (the International Maritime Security Construct) rather than a full blockade. International support was broader then, with European nations participating in naval escorts. The current situation has produced more polarized reactions, reflecting the escalation from sanctions enforcement to armed blockade during an active conflict [12][19].

Iran's Retaliation Posture

Iran's response to the Touska seizure was swift and explicit. The Khatam al-Anbiya Central Headquarters — Iran's top joint military command — declared that the seizure violated the ceasefire reached earlier in April and warned: "The armed forces of the Islamic Republic of Iran will soon respond and retaliate against this armed piracy by the US military" [2].

Historical patterns suggest Iran follows through on such threats, though often asymmetrically. After the Grace 1 was seized off Gibraltar in July 2019, Iran seized the British-flagged tanker Stena Impero in the Strait of Hormuz within two weeks [12]. Following the US seizure of four tankers in 2020, Iran seized the Liberian-flagged M/T Wila and later the South Korean M/T Hankuk Chemi [12]. In 2021, Iran briefly seized the Asphalt Princess in the Gulf of Oman.

The pattern: Iran retaliates by seizing a vessel flagged to a US ally, typically within days to weeks, framing the action under Iranian domestic maritime law. Given that Iran has already seized a British-owned oil tanker (the Stena Impero, again, in March 2026) [20], the current escalation cycle appears accelerated. However, Iran's options are constrained by the ongoing blockade, which limits Iranian naval freedom of movement.

The Ship, Its Crew, and What Comes Next

The Touska (IMO 9328900) is a container ship flying the Iranian flag, linked to the Islamic Republic of Iran Shipping Lines [6]. Marines from the 31st Marine Expeditionary Unit are conducting cargo searches [4]. Neither CENTCOM nor the White House has disclosed the number of crew members, their nationalities, or whether any were injured in the engine room strike.

Under international humanitarian law and the Third Geneva Convention, crew members of a seized vessel during an armed conflict may be treated as prisoners of war or as protected civilians, depending on their status. The US has not publicly stated which framework applies. Previous custody proceedings for seized vessels have varied widely: the Grace 1 was held in Gibraltar for approximately two months before release [12]; the four tankers seized in 2020 were subject to federal civil forfeiture proceedings that lasted over a year.

The Touska's destination has not been announced. US Naval Support Activity Bahrain, the headquarters of the US Fifth Fleet, is the most likely candidate for initial processing, but this has not been confirmed.

The Diplomatic Dimension

The seizure's timing is particularly significant. It occurred just hours after Trump announced that US representatives were traveling to Islamabad, Pakistan, for negotiations with Iran [5]. The juxtaposition — firing on an Iranian vessel while dispatching negotiators — reflects the dual-track approach the administration has adopted throughout the conflict.

Iran's Supreme Leader Ayatollah Khamenei responded by vowing "new defeats" for the US and Israel [21]. Iran's foreign ministry said the seizure demonstrated US "bad faith" in negotiations [2]. Whether the seizure strengthens or weakens the US negotiating position depends on which theory of leverage one accepts — a question that the coming days of diplomatic contact in Islamabad may begin to answer.

What Remains Unknown

Several critical questions remain unanswered as of April 20, 2026:

• Cargo: The contents of the Touska have not been disclosed. Whether the vessel was carrying sanctioned materials, humanitarian goods, or ordinary commercial cargo will significantly affect both the legal and political dimensions of the seizure.
• Crew status: The number, nationality, and condition of crew members are unknown.
• Destination of the vessel: Where the Touska will be taken for processing has not been announced.
• Legal proceedings: Whether the US will pursue civil forfeiture, military adjudication, or diplomatic resolution remains unclear.
• Iran's specific retaliation: While Iran has promised a response, the form, timing, and target are unknown.

The Touska seizure is not an isolated incident but a flashpoint in a broader conflict that has reshaped global energy markets, tested the limits of international maritime law, and brought two non-ratifiers of UNCLOS into direct confrontation over the rules governing the world's most important shipping lane.