UK Conservative Party Publishes Rival Legislative Agenda Under Badenoch Leadership

The Conservative Party has published what it calls an "alternative King's Speech" — a package of 16 draft bills covering welfare, immigration, crime, energy, and defence — timed to land days before the Labour government's own State Opening of Parliament on 13 May 2026 [1][2]. Leader Kemi Badenoch described the document as proof that her "renewed" Conservative Party "is coming back with a plan to deliver" [1]. The bills are the product of 18 months of policy work since the party's crushing defeat in July 2024, when it was reduced to 121 seats — its worst result in modern history [3].

The question facing Badenoch is whether a detailed rival legislative programme can break through to a public that has, so far, been more drawn to Nigel Farage's Reform UK than to the party that governed Britain for 14 years.

What the 16 Bills Contain

The Conservative alternative agenda spans six broad policy areas. The full list of proposed bills [1][2]:

Welfare and Economy:

• Welfare Reform Bill — reinstates the two-child benefit cap, restricts Personal Independence Payment (PIP) to those with severe conditions, and aims to save £23 billion annually [2][4]
• Get Britain Working Bill — employment initiatives to reduce economic inactivity
• Back Our High Streets Bill — 100% business rates relief for retail, hospitality, and leisure firms, capped at £110,000 per business, supporting an estimated 250,000 businesses [2]
• Reducing Bureaucracy Bill — cuts mandatory reporting and net zero requirements on City firms [2]
• Save British Industry Bill — protections for domestic manufacturing

Energy:

• Cheap Energy Bill — reduces consumer energy costs
• Get Britain Drilling Bill — removes legal obstacles to new North Sea oil and gas projects [1]

Immigration and Human Rights:

• ECHR (Notification of Withdrawal) Bill — authorises exit from the European Convention on Human Rights [1]
• Human Rights Act (Repeal) Bill — repeals the Human Rights Act entirely [1]
• Protecting Our Borders Bill — targets removal of 150,000 illegal immigrants per year [5]
• Rights and Responsibilities of Citizenship Bill — redefines obligations and entitlements for citizens

Crime:

• Take Back Our Streets Bill — triples stop-and-search, deploys 10,000 additional officers, and expands live facial recognition in crime hotspots [1]

Defence and Veterans:

• Sovereign Defence Fund Bill — increases military spending
• Protect Our Veterans Bill — expanded support for former service personnel

Education:

• Restoring School Standards Bill — education reforms
• Youth Opportunity Bill — programmes for young people

For comparison, Labour's King's Speech in July 2024 contained 40 bills [6]. The Conservatives' 16-bill package is explicitly framed as a "direction of travel" rather than a full manifesto [2], but its scope is still substantial for an opposition party less than two years removed from power.

How the Agenda Reverses Labour Policy

Several of the 16 bills directly contradict or reverse current government legislation. The repeal of the Human Rights Act and withdrawal from the ECHR would undo a framework Labour has explicitly defended [1]. The Get Britain Drilling Bill reverses Labour's decision to block new North Sea licensing [1]. The welfare proposals would reinstate the two-child benefit cap that Labour expanded, and the business bills would repeal what the Conservatives call the "job killing" elements of Labour's Employment Rights Act, including guaranteed hours requirements for hospitality workers [2].

Badenoch has also declared that "net zero by 2050 is impossible" without dramatic drops in living standards [7], positioning her party against a target that remains official government policy.

The Fiscal Claims

The Conservatives claim their welfare reforms alone would save £23 billion per year [4]. They identify a further £8 billion from reducing the civil service to pre-Brexit headcount and £7 billion from overseas aid, for a total of £47 billion in annual savings. Under a proposed "Golden Economic Rule," at least half would go to deficit reduction, with the remainder funding tax cuts [4].

The Institute for Fiscal Studies (IFS) has expressed scepticism about these numbers. The IFS noted that some welfare savings the Conservatives cite had already been announced by the government and incorporated into Office for Budget Responsibility (OBR) forecasts — meaning they cannot be counted twice [8]. More broadly, the IFS warned that "experience from previous reforms has shown that hoped-for savings have often failed to materialise," pointing to the Coalition government's disability benefit reform, which was "intended to reduce spending" but "actually increased it" [8].

Where the Conservatives Stand

The timing of this alternative agenda is inextricable from the party's polling position.

Source: YouGov / PollCheck

Data as of May 5, 2026CSV

As of early May 2026, YouGov puts the Conservatives at 17% — behind Reform UK on 25% and Labour on 18% [9]. The party's membership stood at approximately 131,680 at the close of the 2024 leadership election [3]. In Parliament, the Conservatives hold 121 seats [3].

Source: UK Parliament / Electoral Calculus

Data as of May 11, 2026CSV

That 121-seat total is significantly worse than the 165 seats the party held after its 1997 landslide defeat under John Major. After William Hague took the leadership in 1997, the Conservatives made only marginal progress: by the 2001 election, they gained just one additional seat, rising to 166 [10]. Hague resigned. The party did not return to government until 2010, thirteen years after its defeat.

The parallel is instructive but imperfect. In the late 1990s, the Conservatives faced a dominant Labour Party under Tony Blair polling in the mid-40s. Today, Labour is at 18% and Prime Minister Keir Starmer faces open calls for his resignation from over 40 of his own MPs [11][12]. The competitive landscape is fundamentally different: the Conservatives' primary rival for right-of-centre voters is Reform UK, not a strong governing party.

Faction Lines Within the Party

The alternative King's Speech reflects a rightward positioning that tracks Badenoch's leadership pitch. The ECHR withdrawal, aggressive immigration enforcement, and scepticism on net zero all align with the preferences of the National Conservative wing of the party.

The centrist One Nation faction has been more reserved. The Tory Reform Group (TRG), which represents many One Nation Conservatives, declined to endorse either Badenoch or Robert Jenrick during the 2024 leadership contest. The TRG stated that "both have used rhetoric and focused on issues which are far and away from the party at its best" and expressed being "consistently disappointed by the lack of engagement from the two candidates" [13].

Reports have described Badenoch as "purging centrist Tories" with a message of "get out of the way" [14]. Whether this represents strategic clarity or a narrowing of the party's coalition is contested. Supporters argue that the Conservatives lost in 2024 precisely because they failed to differentiate themselves from Labour on issues like immigration and net zero. Critics within the party worry that competing with Reform UK on its own terms simply legitimises Farage's party and abandons the suburban and professional voters the Conservatives need in a general election.

The Target Voters

The demographic data reveals the scale of the Conservatives' challenge. Reform UK outperforms the Conservatives among homeowners (32% to 26%), men, and voters over 50 [15]. In the age groups that traditionally anchor Conservative support — the over-65s — Reform holds a 17-point lead among men, though the Conservatives retain an advantage among older women [15].

Reform's strongest regions are eastern England, the Midlands, and northern England — precisely the "Red Wall" constituencies the Conservatives won in 2019 and lost in 2024 [15]. The alternative King's Speech, with its emphasis on immigration enforcement, welfare tightening, and energy costs, reads as an attempt to speak directly to these voters. But polling suggests these voters currently find Reform's simpler, more confrontational messaging more credible on these issues than the Conservative version.

Among under-35s, neither the Conservatives nor Reform commands significant support. The Youth Opportunity Bill and Restoring School Standards Bill in the alternative agenda gesture toward younger voters, but the package as a whole — dominated by ECHR withdrawal, stop-and-search, and benefit cuts — is unlikely to shift preferences among a demographic that polls strongly for Labour, the Greens, and the Liberal Democrats [9].

Historical Precedent: Do Opposition Agendas Matter?

The idea of an opposition publishing a rival legislative programme is not new, but it is rare. In 2013, Conservative backbenchers Peter Bone and Philip Hollobone published an "Alternative Queen's Speech" containing 40 proposed bills while the Conservatives were themselves in government as part of the Coalition [16]. That document was a factional protest, not an official opposition statement — but the dynamic it reflected (internal pressure on Europe) ultimately led to the 2016 Brexit referendum.

Shadow budgets from opposition parties are more common. The convention holds that a shadow budget published in an election year "will typically form a key part of the party's manifesto and will be largely if not wholly implemented" if the opposition wins an outright majority [17]. But shadow budgets published mid-parliament, far from an election, have a poor track record of surviving to manifesto stage. Policy positions adopted years before an election are routinely revised, dropped, or superseded as economic and political conditions change.

Constitutional scholars note that documents like the alternative King's Speech carry no binding force. Individual Conservative MPs are not obligated to vote in line with it. It does not automatically become manifesto policy. The shadow cabinet retains authority to amend or abandon proposals before the next general election, and Conservative Campaign Headquarters (CCHQ) will ultimately shape the manifesto in consultation with the leader [17].

The strongest case for the document's value is not legislative but strategic: it forces the shadow cabinet to develop coherent policy positions early, gives the party a narrative to contrast with the government, and tests public reaction to specific proposals — all without the commitment of a manifesto.

International Comparisons

Badenoch's challenge has parallels in other centre-right parties that suffered historic defeats.

France's Les Républicains collapsed after their candidate François Fillon finished third in the 2017 presidential election with 20% of the vote. By 2019, the party won just 8.5% in European elections [18]. Party president Éric Ciotti eventually broke ranks entirely, allying with Marine Le Pen's National Rally during the 2024 legislative elections [19]. The Républicains never recovered as a standalone force; they were squeezed between Emmanuel Macron's centrist movement and the far right — a two-front war analogous to the Conservatives' position between Labour and Reform.

Australia's Liberal Party lost power in 2022, reduced to 58 seats — its worst result since 1946 [20]. Six formerly safe Liberal seats fell to "teal" independents running on climate and integrity platforms. The party's Centre-Right faction collapsed from 32 members to six [20]. Internal debate mirrored what the Conservatives face: moderates argued the party needed to recapture suburban professionals; the right argued it needed to sharpen its ideological contrast with Labor.

The Australian case offers a specific warning: the Liberal Party spent years after 2022 debating its identity rather than coalescing around a policy programme. By contrast, Badenoch's 18-month policy development process represents a more structured approach. Whether that structure translates into electoral recovery, however, depends less on the quality of the policy documents than on whether the party can present a unified alternative to voters who currently see two competing right-of-centre options.

The Starmer Factor

The timing of the alternative King's Speech is shaped by Labour's own crisis. Starmer is fighting for his political survival, delivering a speech on 11 May 2026 in which he acknowledged having "doubters" and vowed to "face up to the big challenges" [11]. Over 40 Labour MPs have called for his resignation. Former deputy prime minister Angela Rayner wrote that "what we are doing isn't working, and it needs to change. This may be the Labour Party's last chance" [12].

A weakened Labour government offers the Conservatives an opening — but also a risk. If Starmer is replaced by a more effective Labour leader, positions adopted to exploit his weakness could become liabilities. And if Reform UK continues to grow, the Conservatives' most detailed policy programme will matter less than Farage's ability to dominate the right-of-centre media landscape.

What Binds the Party to This Agenda

The answer, in constitutional and organisational terms, is: very little. The alternative King's Speech is a political document, not a binding commitment. Shadow cabinet members presented the bills, but individual MPs can deviate in parliamentary votes without formal consequence. The document will inform but not dictate the next Conservative manifesto. CCHQ and the leader's office retain full authority to revise, drop, or add policies before the next general election [17].

Badenoch has framed the agenda as establishing a "direction of travel" [2]. That phrase is deliberately chosen: it signals intent without creating rigid commitments that could constrain the party as circumstances change. Whether voters read the document as a credible governing programme or a wish list designed primarily to compete with Reform UK for media attention will depend on whether the Conservatives can sustain and develop these positions over the years ahead — and whether the party's internal factions can hold together behind them.