Researchers Warn Global Humanitarian Aid System Is Broken and No Longer Fit for Purpose

On May 20, 2026, a team of more than 40 researchers from the Johns Hopkins Center for Humanitarian Health and The Lancet published what amounts to an autopsy of the global humanitarian system — while the patient is still alive. Their conclusion: the architecture built after World War II to coordinate international emergency response is "no longer fit for purpose," reduced to what they call "survival triage" as need outstrips capacity by the widest margin ever recorded [1][2].

The report landed at a moment when the gap between what the world's crisis-affected populations require and what the international system can deliver has never been larger. Of the 239 million people expected to need humanitarian assistance in 2026, only 87 million are projected to receive life-saving support [3][4]. The rest — more than 150 million people — will be left to fend for themselves.

The Numbers: A System Overwhelmed

The scale of global humanitarian need has roughly tripled since 2015, when 82 million people required assistance. That figure climbed steadily through the late 2010s, spiked to 339 million in 2023 amid overlapping crises in Ukraine, Sudan, and the Horn of Africa, and now stands at 305 million for 2025 [4][5].

Source: OCHA Global Humanitarian Overview

Data as of Jan 1, 2026CSV

The UN and its partners launched a $33 billion appeal for 2026 to reach 135 million people — already a reduced target from the full population in need. Within that, they designated 87 million as the immediate priority, requiring $23 billion [5]. These figures represent a deliberate triage: in June 2025, the UN Emergency Relief Coordinator adopted a "hyper-prioritized" strategy that would address only the most acute, life-threatening needs, effectively writing off 114.4 million people, or 38.3% of those the system had identified as needing help [1][6].

The World Food Programme projects that 318 million people will face crisis-level hunger or worse in 2026 — twice the number recorded in 2019 [7]. More than 117 million people have been forcibly displaced worldwide, a figure that has climbed every year for over a decade [7].

Source: UNHCR Population Data

Data as of Dec 31, 2025CSV

Syria, Ukraine, and Afghanistan remain the top three countries of origin for refugees, producing 5.5 million, 5.3 million, and 4.8 million refugees respectively, followed by Sudan and South Sudan [8]. The International Rescue Committee's 2026 Emergency Watchlist identifies Sudan, the Occupied Palestinian Territory, South Sudan, Ethiopia, Haiti, Myanmar, the Democratic Republic of Congo, Mali, Burkina Faso, and Lebanon as the ten most acute crises — and notes that these ten countries alone account for 89% of global humanitarian need while comprising only 12% of the world's population [9].

The Funding Collapse

The humanitarian system has always operated with a funding gap, but the shortfall in 2025 reached a qualitatively different scale. At the end of June 2025, less than 17% of the $46 billion needed for the year had been received — the lowest funding rate in a decade [6]. By year-end, the Global Humanitarian Overview was only 27.8% funded [7].

The single largest driver was the withdrawal of the United States. Until February 2025, the US had been the largest humanitarian donor on the planet, accounting for over 44% of global humanitarian funding in 2024 [6]. Then the Trump administration cancelled roughly 83% of grants administered by USAID, and on July 1, 2025, USAID was officially closed, with the State Department absorbing its remaining functions [10][11]. Government data shows US aid disbursements fell from $68 billion across 215 countries in 2024 to $32 billion in 2025 [11].

The US was not alone. Germany cut its humanitarian emergency aid budget by 53%, to approximately €1 billion for 2025. France announced cuts of €700 million in official development assistance, reducing it to €3.7 billion for 2026 [6]. Across the board, the Global Humanitarian Assistance Report found that public funding available for humanitarian action was projected to contract by between 34% and 45% by the end of 2025 compared to 2023 levels [12].

Source: OCHA Financial Tracking Service

Data as of Dec 31, 2025CSV

The consequences are visible in how individual crises are funded. Sudan's response received 35.4% of what was needed in 2025 — down from 69.3% in 2024. Gaza received 40%. Mali received just 18.5% [7][9]. The Democratic Republic of Congo, where 14.9 million people need assistance, received 28% [7].

On December 29, 2025, the United States and the UN signed an agreement for $2 billion in humanitarian funding administered through OCHA — a fraction of recent US contributions [11]. The White House's fiscal year 2026 budget request allocated $4 billion for humanitarian assistance, a 60% decrease from the prior year [6].

What the Researchers Found

The CHH-Lancet Commission report, which brought together 21 commissioners and 21 early-career researchers from across 14 countries, identified several structural failures beyond funding [1][2].

First, the system has become "so selective and difficult to access that it is merely survival triage" [1]. The report documents that more than one-third of people identified as in need receive no assistance at all — and that the populations most difficult to reach, in conflict zones or under authoritarian control, are systematically underserved [2].

Second, violence against healthcare and humanitarian operations has reached record levels. The commission documented 3,663 incidents of violence against or obstruction of healthcare in 2024 alone — the highest number ever recorded [2]. International humanitarian law, the legal framework meant to protect civilians and aid workers in conflict, is violated routinely and with impunity.

Third, the politicization of aid — linking humanitarian funding to foreign policy and national security priorities — has fundamentally distorted the system's ability to respond based on need [1]. The Lancet published a companion editorial arguing that the system needs "transformation, not destruction," warning that the convergence of political hostility and funding cuts risks dismantling an architecture that, despite its flaws, has saved millions of lives [13].

The Mortality Projections

Multiple independent research teams have attempted to quantify what the funding collapse will mean in lives lost. A forecasting analysis published in The Lancet Global Health projected that ongoing reductions in official development assistance could result in 22.6 million additional deaths across all ages by 2030 — including 5.4 million children under five — under a severe defunding scenario [14]. A separate CNN-reported study projected at least 9.4 million additional deaths by 2030 if current funding trends continue [10].

More granular research from Oxford University examined USAID's withdrawal from six West and Central African countries specifically and projected an average 45% increase in maternal deaths among populations in humanitarian need in 2025, corresponding to approximately 1,000 additional deaths in those countries alone [15].

The historical evidence supports these projections. The Lancet Global Health study found that over the past two decades, higher levels of official development assistance were associated with a 23% reduction in all-cause mortality, a 39% reduction in under-5 mortality, a 70% reduction in HIV/AIDS mortality, and a 56% reduction in malaria deaths [14]. Abrupt withdrawal of that funding threatens to reverse decades of measurable progress.

On the ground, the effects are already visible. HIV treatment programs in South Africa, Nigeria, Ukraine, and the Philippines have been terminated or curtailed. At least 23 million children have lost access to education programming. As many as 95 million people face the loss of basic healthcare access [10][16].

A Decade of Stalled Reforms

The critique that the humanitarian system is structurally inadequate is not new. In 2016, the World Humanitarian Summit produced the Grand Bargain — an agreement among more than 50 major donors and aid organizations to improve efficiency. One of its central commitments: channel 25% of humanitarian funding to local and national responders "as directly as possible" [17][18].

A decade later, that target remains unmet. Just 0.5% of tracked funding in 2019 directly financed local and national NGOs. Direct funding to local actors has actually declined since 2017, both in volume and as a percentage of total international humanitarian assistance [18]. The Grand Bargain was relaunched for the 2023-2026 period with 66 signatories, but the same structural incentives — risk aversion among donors, compliance requirements that favor large international organizations, and a lack of trust in local capacity — have continued to limit progress [17][19].

The UN itself acknowledged the need for change. In February 2026, UN leadership unveiled what it called a "bold overhaul" of the humanitarian system, proposing new coordination models and greater integration between humanitarian and development programming [20]. But reform proposals have been overtaken by the funding crisis: organizations that are cutting staff and closing programs have limited bandwidth to restructure.

International aid groups have adapted in smaller ways. Some have accelerated localization out of necessity rather than principle — as international funding dries up, local organizations with lower overhead and existing community relationships become more viable delivery partners [11]. But this ad hoc localization lacks the systematic investment in local capacity that reform advocates have long called for.

The Counterargument: Overwhelmed, Not Broken?

Not everyone agrees the system itself is broken. Some analysts argue the architecture is sound but facing a volume of need it was never designed to handle, driven by three converging forces: climate change increasing the frequency and severity of weather-related disasters, geopolitical fragmentation reducing the international cooperation needed for conflict resolution, and protracted conflicts that turn acute emergencies into decades-long humanitarian operations [21][22].

The ICRC's Intercross blog posed the question directly in September 2025: if the system is "broken," what specifically is the fix? The piece argued that distinguishing between structural failure and a resource-supply problem matters because the prescriptions are different. A broken system needs redesign; an underfunded system needs more money [21].

There is evidence for the resource-supply thesis. Between 2015 and 2023, humanitarian funding actually grew — from $19.5 billion to $35 billion — even as need grew faster. The system was scaling, just not fast enough. The 2025 collapse was not a gradual structural decay but a sudden political decision by the system's largest funder to withdraw [6][12].

The researchers behind the Lancet Commission acknowledge this but argue it is both: the system faces unprecedented demand and has structural deficiencies that predate the current funding crisis. A system where more than a third of identified beneficiaries receive nothing even in well-funded years, where localization targets go unmet for a decade, and where the same protracted crises appear on emergency lists year after year is not simply underfunded — it is failing to adapt [1][2].

Emerging Donors: A Different Model?

As Western donors pull back, attention has turned to whether other states will fill the gap. The Gulf states — Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, and Qatar — are already regular top-ten contributors to UN humanitarian agencies, and Gulf Cooperation Council members have increased aid commitments [23][24].

But their aid operates differently. Gulf humanitarian funding is concentrated in the Arab League and Organisation of Islamic Cooperation member states, particularly Yemen. It is largely bilateral, driven by strategic regional priorities, and comes with fewer of the governance and human rights conditionalities attached to Western aid [23][24].

China's role remains minimal in humanitarian terms despite its economic weight. Beijing contributed approximately $8 million to UN humanitarian programs in 2024 — compared to nearly $10 billion from the United States [23]. China channels resources primarily through the Belt and Road Initiative, with $122 billion in contracts during 2024 alone, but these are infrastructure loans and development projects, not humanitarian response [23].

The fundamental question, as Swiss researcher Valérie Gorin noted, is whether emerging donors represent a positive rebalancing of the system or introduce new risks — particularly for minorities and ecosystems that Western conditionalities, however imperfectly, were designed to protect [23]. What is clear is that no single donor or bloc is positioned to replace the scale of US humanitarian funding.

What Happens If the System Contracts

The populations at highest mortality risk if the system contracts sharply over the next three to five years are identifiable with some precision. Sudan, where 40% of the population already faces food crisis and 150,000 people have been killed in the civil war, sits at the top of every watchlist [9]. The 2 million people in northern Gaza, where 92% of homes have been destroyed and 70,000 people have been killed, have no alternative source of aid [9]. South Sudan, where 28,000 people face catastrophic hunger levels, could see a resumption of civil war [9].

Historical precedent offers some indication of what sudden withdrawal looks like. When humanitarian operations scaled down in Somalia in the early 1990s, in Rwanda before the 1994 genocide, and in parts of the Sahel during funding contractions, mortality rates spiked — particularly among children under five, pregnant women, and people dependent on therapeutic feeding programs or chronic disease treatment [14][15].

The researchers at UCLA projected that USAID cuts alone may lead to more than 14 million deaths globally by 2030, including 4.5 million children under five [16]. Countries with weaker domestic health budgets — concentrated in sub-Saharan Africa and parts of South and Southeast Asia — are most vulnerable to donor withdrawal because they lack the fiscal capacity to replace lost external funding [14].

Where This Leaves the System

The humanitarian system in mid-2026 faces a combination of pressures that no previous reform effort or funding cycle has produced simultaneously: the withdrawal of its largest funder, record levels of need, a decade of unmet reform commitments, and rising attacks on the legal frameworks that underpin humanitarian access.

The Lancet Commission's central recommendation is a new paradigm for humanitarian health that centers equity, accountability, local leadership, and the right to health [1][2]. Whether that recommendation lands on receptive ears depends on political decisions far outside the humanitarian sector's control — above all, whether Western governments view humanitarian aid as a strategic investment or an expendable budget line.

The $33 billion the UN has requested for 2026 is, in context, modest — less than what Americans spend annually on pet food [5]. The question is not whether the resources exist to fund the system, but whether the political will exists to allocate them. For the 152 million people the system has already determined it cannot reach this year, that question is academic. They are already on their own.