NASA Announces Three New Moon Missions in Push to Build Permanent Lunar Base by 2026

On May 26, 2026, NASA Administrator Jared Isaacman stood at a podium and declared: "America is returning to the Moon" [1]. Behind him, renderings showed habitats, rovers, and lander vehicles scattered across the gray terrain near the lunar south pole. The occasion was the unveiling of three new missions — Moon Base I, II, and III — the opening salvo in what NASA is calling a $20 billion campaign to build a permanent human outpost on the Moon [2].

"The grand return is close at hand, and we will not slow down," Isaacman said [1].

But the speed at which NASA is moving raises questions that the announcement itself did not answer. The agency has already spent an estimated $93 billion on the Artemis program since 2017 without landing a single astronaut on the lunar surface [3]. Its own Office of Inspector General has flagged "significant cost increases, chronic schedule delays, and unresolved crew safety concerns" in the lander programs that are supposed to get astronauts there [4]. And the budget math required to fund a Moon base involves proposed cuts so deep that they would terminate more than 40 active science missions and slash the Science Mission Directorate's budget by 47% [5].

The three missions, the $20 billion price tag, the geopolitical race with China, and the programs being sacrificed to pay for it all — this is the full picture of NASA's lunar gamble.

The Three Missions: What's Actually Launching

The Moon Base program's first phase encompasses far more than three flights. Carlos Garcia-Galan, NASA's Moon Base program manager, described a first phase involving 25 launches, 21 lunar landings, and roughly 4 metric tons of cargo delivered to the Moon [2]. But the three named missions provide the clearest window into the plan.

Moon Base I will use Blue Origin's Blue Moon Mk1 Endurance lander to deliver science payloads — including SCALPSS (a surface camera system) and a Lunar Retroreflector Array — to the Shackleton Connecting Ridge near the lunar south pole. Launch is targeted for no earlier than fall 2026 [1][6].

Moon Base II will fly on Astrobotic's Griffin lander, carrying more than 500 kilograms of cargo, including Astrolab's FLEX rover designed for astronaut mobility and autonomous surface operations [2].

Moon Base III will carry NASA's Lunar Vertex science mission, which studies magnetic anomalies known as lunar swirls, along with payloads from the European Space Agency and the Korean Space Agency [2].

None of these three missions are crewed. They are robotic precursors — cargo runs to stage equipment and validate technologies before astronauts arrive.

Following the Money: $93 Billion and Counting

The Artemis program's total cost through FY2025 was projected at $93 billion in a 2021 OIG audit [3]. The two largest line items: approximately $24 billion for SLS (Space Launch System) rocket development and $20 billion for the Orion crew capsule [7]. Each SLS-Orion launch costs an estimated $4.1 billion in operating costs alone [7].

Source: NASA OIG / Congressional Reports

Data as of Mar 10, 2026CSV

The new Moon Base program adds $20 billion over seven fiscal years (FY2027 through FY2033), with roughly $10 billion allocated to Phase 1 robotic testing and the remainder for habitat construction and permanent infrastructure [8][9]. A $175 million initial investment for robotic missions appeared in the FY2027 budget request [5].

Private contractors hold the major hardware contracts. SpaceX received approximately $4 billion — a $2.9 billion initial contract in 2021 plus an additional $1.1 billion — for a Starship variant to serve as the human landing system for Artemis III [10]. Blue Origin holds a $3.4 billion contract for the Blue Moon Mark 1 lander for Artemis V, with the company expecting to invest additional private capital pushing the total project cost to around $7 billion [11][12]. Lockheed Martin is building a Cislunar Transporter — essentially a space tug — designed to pair with Blue Origin's lander [12].

The cost trajectory of ground infrastructure tells its own story. Mobile Launcher 2 (ML-2), contracted to Bechtel National in 2019 for $383 million with a 2023 completion date, has ballooned to an estimated $2.7 billion with delivery now expected no earlier than spring 2029 — a sevenfold cost increase and a six-year delay [13].

The Timeline: Ambitious, Unprecedented, and Already Behind

NASA's plan unfolds in three phases. Phase 1 (through 2028-2029) focuses on reliable, high-rate lunar surface access using commercial landers and cargo delivery. The first crewed Moon landing is now targeted for early 2028 via Artemis III [8][9]. Phase 2 (2029-2032) involves installing power systems, surface communications, and mobility infrastructure, with humans living and working on the Moon for weeks to potentially months [9]. Phase 3 (2033 and beyond) delivers the first actual habitats with full environmental control and life support systems (ECLSS) and airlocks [9].

The headline claim — a "permanent lunar base by end of 2026" — is misleading if taken literally. What NASA means by "permanent" is an incremental buildup: the three missions launching in 2026 deliver cargo and test hardware, not habitable structures. A fixed habitat housing up to four astronauts for month-long stays remains a Phase 3 deliverable, years away [14].

For context, Artemis I — an uncrewed test flight — launched in November 2022. Artemis II, the first crewed lunar flyby, launched on April 1, 2026, nearly four years later [7]. The Orion capsule's heat shield sustained unexpected damage during the Artemis I reentry, requiring investigation and redesign work [7][4]. Hydrogen leaks caused delays in both 2022 and early 2026 [7].

No comparable NASA program has ever maintained this density of launches on schedule. The Apollo program achieved six crewed Moon landings between 1969 and 1972, but those relied on expendable hardware with no reuse or base-building requirements. The agency intends yearly crewed missions after Artemis V (no earlier than late 2028) to sequentially build base infrastructure [9].

What the Watchdogs Say

The NASA Office of Inspector General has been NASA's most persistent internal critic. A March 2026 OIG report titled "Artemis Lander Program Faces Schedule Delays and Unmitigated Crew Safety Risks" examined both the SpaceX Starship lander and the Blue Origin Blue Moon lander programs. It found significant cost increases, chronic schedule delays, and — critically — unresolved crew safety concerns that NASA had not fully mitigated [4].

The Government Accountability Office has separately found that senior NASA officials themselves view the SLS as unsustainable "at current cost levels" [7]. The GAO also flagged a lack of schedule margin in the Exploration Ground Systems program, predicting delays for Artemis II and subsequent missions [7].

Congressional scrutiny has intensified. During hearings on cost and schedule overruns, members raised questions about whether the accelerated timeline was realistic given the program's track record [15]. Rep. George Whitesides warned that the proposed budget cuts would "demolish our scientific agencies" [16].

The strongest counterargument — and the one NASA leadership and its congressional supporters make — is that the alternative to accepting schedule risk is ceding the Moon to China. The Office of Management and Budget framed the budget as supporting "the safe and timely return of Americans to the Moon" while cutting "unnecessary and overpriced activities" [5]. Proponents argue that bureaucratic caution and the instinct to delay until every risk is retired is itself a form of risk: the risk of strategic irrelevance.

The Budget: Where the Money Comes From

The FY2027 NASA budget request totals $18.8 billion — a 23% cut from the $24.4 billion enacted for FY2026 [5]. The redistribution is stark.

Source: SpacePolicyOnline / NASA FY2027 Budget

Data as of Apr 3, 2026CSV

Exploration — the account funding Artemis, Moon Base, and related programs — receives $8.5 billion, a $731 million increase [5]. The Science Mission Directorate absorbs the largest cut: from $7.25 billion to $3.9 billion, a 47% reduction that would terminate more than 40 missions described as "low-priority" [5][16].

The damage is spread across every science division.

Source: The Planetary Society

Data as of Apr 8, 2026CSV

Earth Science would drop from $2.2 billion to $1.1 billion. Planetary Science from $2.7 billion to $1.5 billion. Astrophysics from $1.5 billion to $800 million. Heliophysics from $850 million to $500 million [16][17]. The STRIVE and EDGE Earth Systems Explorer missions, selected just months earlier in February 2026, are directly threatened [16].

The International Space Station budget faces a $1.1 billion cut. Space Technology loses $297 million. STEM Engagement — NASA's education programs — would be eliminated entirely, a $143 million cut [5].

Congress has already rejected similar proposals once. For FY2026, the administration proposed the same $18.8 billion level, and Congress instead approved $24.4 billion [5]. House appropriators' current bill keeps overall NASA funding flat but includes a 17% cut to Science to offset increases elsewhere [16]. Rep. Zoe Lofgren has criticized the negative impact on scientific capabilities [16].

Casey Dreier of The Planetary Society has noted that the SLS alone has cost "something like $20 billion now, 10 years after" an original $5 billion budget estimate, questioning whether additional billions for a Moon base are sustainable when the foundation programs continue to exceed their budgets [7].

The Geopolitical Race: China's Parallel Path

NASA is not the only space agency heading for the Moon's south pole. China and Russia signed a memorandum of understanding in 2021 to build the International Lunar Research Station (ILRS) [18]. Their timeline is more conservative but no less determined.

China's reconnaissance phase (2021-2026) focuses on exploring the South Pole-Aitken Basin for ILRS sites and refining the base design. The Chang'e 8 mission, planned for 2028, will test in-situ resource utilization — the ability to extract and use lunar materials like water ice [18][19]. The construction phase (2026-2035) involves robotic missions, with crewed operations beginning around 2036 and a "well-equipped and stable facility of considerable scale" targeted by 2045 [18].

China and Russia have also announced plans for a nuclear reactor on the Moon to power the ILRS [20].

NASA's timeline is roughly five to seven years ahead of China's for crewed lunar surface operations. The agency has assembled over 40 signatories to the Artemis Accords, a set of bilateral agreements establishing norms for lunar exploration [8]. China's ILRS has attracted fewer international partners but has drawn interest from several nations outside the U.S. sphere of influence [18].

The strategic argument for speed is straightforward: norms around lunar resource extraction, territorial claims, and scientific access will be shaped by whoever establishes a working presence first. Water ice in permanently shadowed craters at the south pole represents both a scientific target and a potential resource for fuel production. The nation that demonstrates the ability to extract and use it will have significant influence over how lunar resources are governed.

What "Permanent" Actually Means

NASA's official concept for the Artemis Base Camp envisions a fixed habitat at the lunar south pole — specifically near Shackleton Crater, chosen for the near-permanent sunlight on its crater rim (for solar power) and permanently shadowed regions that may contain water ice [14][21].

The target configuration: up to four astronauts for stays lasting roughly one month [14]. Three approaches to crew autonomy are under consideration: full resupply from Earth, regeneration of consumables from waste, or use of lunar resources through ISRU [21].

For comparison, the International Space Station has maintained continuous human presence since November 2000 — over 25 years. It typically hosts six to seven crew members, with individual stays lasting four to six months. Its ECLSS regenerates approximately 90% of water from humidity and urine. The ISS receives regular resupply missions from multiple vehicles [22].

A lunar base operating at the level NASA describes for Phase 3 — four crew, month-long rotations, with partial ECLSS and regular Earth resupply — would be closer to an Antarctic research station than to the ISS model of continuous occupation. The word "permanent" refers to the infrastructure remaining in place between crew visits, not to uninterrupted human habitation.

Lunar surface conditions add complexity that orbital stations do not face: temperatures swing from roughly 250°F in sunlight to -400°F in darkness, and lunar dust — fine, abrasive, and electrostatically charged — has been a persistent engineering challenge since Apollo [9].

The Failure Points

Independent assessments and the OIG's own reports point to several specific risks.

Starship readiness. SpaceX's Starship must demonstrate reliable orbital refueling — transferring propellant between vehicles in orbit — before it can serve as a crewed lunar lander. This capability has not yet been proven at the scale required [4].

Blue Moon development. Blue Origin's lander program has faced its own schedule pressure. The OIG found that both lander providers were behind schedule with unmitigated crew safety risks [4].

SLS sustainability. At $4.1 billion per launch, the SLS may not be financially viable for the cadence of missions a Moon base requires. Senior NASA officials have acknowledged this internally [7].

Heat shield issues. The Orion heat shield's unexpected erosion during Artemis I reentry required investigation and potential redesign, adding uncertainty to crewed mission timelines [7].

Mobile Launcher 2. The sevenfold cost increase and six-year delay on ML-2 means the launch infrastructure needed for Artemis IV and beyond may not be ready when needed [13].

Apollo astronauts accumulated only 80 hours of combined lunar EVA (extravehicular activity) time across six missions [9]. The Moon Base program aims to vastly exceed that — but every hour on the lunar surface exposes crew and equipment to conditions that remain imperfectly understood after more than 50 years.

The Opportunity Cost

The programs facing cuts or termination are not abstractions. Earth Science missions monitor climate change, weather patterns, and natural disasters. Planetary defense programs track near-Earth objects. Astrophysics missions study the origins of the universe. The proposed 47% cut to Science represents the largest single-year reduction to NASA's science portfolio in the agency's history [5][16].

The Planetary Society has called the proposed budget "disastrous" and launched a public campaign urging Congress to restore science funding [17]. The fundamental tension is not new — NASA has always balanced exploration ambitions against science priorities — but the scale of the proposed transfer is unprecedented.

Defenders of the Moon Base investment argue that lunar infrastructure will eventually enable better science: telescopes on the far side of the Moon, geological surveys impossible from orbit, and a testing ground for Mars-bound technologies. Critics counter that the science being cut produces results now, while the science a Moon base might enable is speculative and decades away.

What Comes Next

Artemis III — the first crewed landing — is currently targeted for summer 2027 [7]. Moon Base I, II, and III are all scheduled for launch by end of 2026 [1][2]. The FY2027 budget fight will determine whether Congress again rejects the proposed science cuts or allows them to proceed.

The $20 billion Moon Base program is layered on top of an Artemis architecture that has already cost $93 billion and has yet to land a human on the Moon. Whether that investment produces a permanent foothold on the lunar surface or another chapter in the long history of overrun space programs depends on whether the hardware, the budget, and the political will all converge — something NASA has struggled to achieve simultaneously across the program's entire existence.