Miner Rescued Alive After Nearly Two Weeks Trapped in Flooded Underground Mine

On the afternoon of March 25, 2026, a tailings dam at the Santa Fe gold mine in El Rosario, Sinaloa, suffered a structural failure. Water and mud surged through underground passages at depths exceeding 350 meters. Of the 25 miners working below ground, 21 escaped. Four did not [1][2].

Fourteen days later, on April 9, military divers navigating the submerged tunnels spotted something: a flashlight blinking on and off in the darkness. Francisco Zapata Nájera, 42, originally from Durango, was standing in waist-deep water roughly 300 meters below the surface, signaling his location the only way he could [3][4].

His extraction would take another 20 hours of continuous pumping before water levels dropped enough for rescuers to reach him. Wrapped in a thermal blanket and placed on an electric cart, Zapata was brought to the surface and airlifted by Mexican Air Force helicopter to a hospital in Mazatlán [3][5].

"The exceptional members of the Mexican Army's Emergency Response Battalion, along with the faith and resilience of a miner, made this astonishing rescue possible after 13 days," President Claudia Sheinbaum wrote on X [4].

What Happened at the Santa Fe Mine

The Santa Fe mine, operated by Industrial Minería Sinaloa S.A. de C.V., is a gold mining operation in the municipality of El Rosario in northern Sinaloa [1][2]. At approximately 2:00 p.m. local time on March 25, a structural failure caused a tailings dam—a structure used to contain mining waste slurry—to breach, flooding underground tunnels [2][6].

Twenty-one of the 25 miners present escaped immediately. Four remained trapped: José Alejandro Cástulo Colín, 44, from Michoacán; Francisco Zapata Nájera, 42, from Durango; and two others whose identities have been confirmed through forensic proceedings [7][8].

The rescue operation, coordinated by Mexico's National Civil Protection Coordination (CNPC), involved personnel from SEDENA (the military), SEMAR (the navy), the National Guard, the Federal Electricity Commission (CFE), and private mining specialists—over 300 rescue workers in total [2][7]. Teams explored more than 3.2 kilometers of access ramps, conducted exploratory drilling to 230-meter depths, reinforced tunnel structures with plywood panels and sandbags, and pumped water continuously at rates of 9 liters per second [2][8].

The Two Rescues

José Alejandro Cástulo Colín was the first to be found. Extracted at 12:25 a.m. on March 30 after more than 100 hours underground, Cástulo had sheltered in a ventilated area with oxygen access at depths exceeding 350 meters. Stable underground temperatures between 20°C and 30°C helped sustain him, as did the fact that he had eaten shortly before the collapse [8][9]. He arrived at Mazatlán General Hospital dehydrated and disoriented but not in life-threatening condition, and was discharged after treatment for mild dehydration [7].

Francisco Zapata Nájera endured far longer—over 312 hours—before being located on April 8 by military divers [7]. Unlike Cástulo, Zapata was found in a flooded section of the mine, standing in waist-deep water [3][4]. Rescue teams left him supplies, including tins of tuna and energy bars, while they spent nearly 20 hours pumping water from the passage to make extraction possible [5][10]. Upon reaching the surface on April 9, he was described as frail but stable [4]. He was reunited with his family at the hospital in Mazatlán, where he received specialist treatment. Zapata later told rescuers that he "never lost faith" during his ordeal [10].

The dead and missing: On the same day Zapata was rescued, the body of a third miner was recovered at 7:43 p.m. The remains were transferred to Mazatlán for autopsy and genetic testing by the Sinaloa State Attorney General's Office [11]. A fourth miner remains missing as search operations continue [4][7].

How Zapata Survived: Physiology and Tactics

Surviving 14 days underground in a partially flooded mine requires a combination of physiological luck and survival behavior. Zapata's case shares features with other documented mine survivals while differing in key respects.

Access to air was the most critical factor. While specific oxygen level measurements have not been publicly released, the fact that Zapata was conscious and able to operate his flashlight after two weeks indicates he had access to a pocket of breathable air, even as water surrounded him [3][4]. The first rescued miner, Cástulo, benefited from a ventilated area; Zapata's situation appears to have been less favorable, given the flooding around him [7][9].

Water was both the primary threat and, paradoxically, a survival resource. Standing in waist-deep water for extended periods risks hypothermia, skin breakdown, and infection. However, underground mine temperatures in the Santa Fe mine were recorded between 20°C and 30°C—warm enough to reduce hypothermia risk significantly compared to colder mine environments [9]. Rescue teams also delivered food supplies after locating him, which would have helped prevent the most acute effects of starvation and dehydration during the final phase of his entrapment [5][10].

Detailed medical assessments of Zapata's condition—muscle atrophy, weight loss, kidney function—have not been publicly disclosed. Authorities described his condition as stable upon extraction, and he was airlifted for specialist care [4][5].

Comparison to Other Mine Rescues

Zapata's 14-day survival places him among a small group of miners who have endured extended underground entrapment.

Source: Various news sources / Britannica / Wikipedia

Data as of Apr 9, 2026CSV

The benchmark case remains the 2010 rescue of 33 miners from the San José copper-gold mine in Chile's Atacama Desert. Those miners survived 69 days at approximately 700 meters depth before being winched to the surface in a specially built capsule—an operation that cost an estimated $20 million and drew a global audience of 5.3 million live viewers [12][13]. Crucially, the Chilean miners had access to an emergency refuge with supplies, and after 17 days they established communication with the surface, enabling a sustained supply line [12].

In 2010, 115 miners were rescued from the Wangjialing coal mine in China after 25 days trapped by flooding [14]. In 2006, two miners at the Beaconsfield mine in Tasmania, Australia, survived 14 days underground—matching Zapata's duration—before being freed [14].

What distinguishes Zapata's case is his apparent isolation. Unlike the Chilean miners, who had each other and eventually regular contact with the surface, Zapata appears to have spent most of his 14 days alone in a flooded section, without communication, relying on a single flashlight to eventually signal rescuers [3][4].

Mexico's Mining Safety Record

The Santa Fe incident joins a recurring pattern of mine disasters in Mexico that have drawn scrutiny to the country's regulatory enforcement.

Source: Mexico Business News / STPS

Data as of Apr 9, 2026CSV

Between 2012 and 2022, Mexico recorded 276 mining accidents resulting in 270 fatalities and 108 injuries, according to data from the Ministry of Labor and Social Welfare (STPS) [15]. The deadliest year was 2012, with 40 accidents and 55 deaths. The numbers declined significantly after 2018: in 2020, 12 accidents caused 11 deaths, and in 2021, 11 accidents caused 16 deaths [15].

But the trend line masks individual catastrophes that have defined the public debate. In February 2006, a methane gas explosion at the Pasta de Conchos mine in Coahuila killed 65 workers. Inspection records from months before the blast had identified a failing ventilation system and electrical equipment problems, and the mine had logged 43 violations in its last inspection in 2004 [16][17]. No company or government official was ever held legally accountable. Grupo México, the mine's operator, was subsequently granted new operating permits worth over $500 million in profits [16].

In August 2022, a tunnel wall collapse at the El Pinabete coal mine in Coahuila trapped 10 miners. None survived. Investigations found the mine lacked any safety equipment, had no emergency signaling capability, and had not been visited by labor inspectors [18]. Recovery of all 10 bodies took over 512 days and required the extraction of 2.3 million cubic meters of rock and soil [18].

The 22-Hour Notification Delay

One of the most scrutinized aspects of the Santa Fe incident is the timeline of the operator's response. According to the CNPC, Industrial Minería Sinaloa did not notify municipal authorities of the collapse until noon on March 26—more than 22 hours after the event occurred at 2:00 p.m. on March 25 [2][6]. During that period, the company conducted its own rescue operations before government response teams joined the effort [2].

Mexican law requires immediate reporting of mining accidents to regulatory authorities. NOM-023-STPS-2012, the official safety standard for underground and open-pit mines, establishes protocols for emergency response, fire prevention, worker movement, and accident reporting [19]. The 2023 reforms to Mexico's mining law further tightened requirements, reducing the deadline for reporting accidents and establishing that failure to comply with mine safety measures for worker protection constitutes a criminal offense [20].

Whether the 22-hour delay materially affected the outcome for any of the four trapped miners is a question that an investigation will need to answer. What is clear is that the delay itself represents a potential violation of reporting obligations that carries criminal implications under the reformed law [20].

Mexico's 2023 Mining Law Reforms

The Santa Fe disaster is the first major mine incident to test Mexico's reformed mining regulatory framework, which took effect on May 9, 2023 [20][21].

Key provisions of the reform include: mining concessions now require public bidding rather than being granted to the first applicant; concession holders must appoint an engineer specifically responsible for compliance with safety regulations; accident reporting deadlines were shortened; operations can be suspended for safety non-compliance; and non-compliance with worker safety measures was criminalized [20][21].

The reform also requires concession holders to pay at least 5% of net profits to adjacent and affected indigenous communities and establishes that mining waste remains the permanent responsibility of the concession holder—directly relevant to the tailings dam failure at Santa Fe [20][21].

Mexico's Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of these reforms, reinforcing the legal framework [21]. The question now is whether enforcement matches the law's ambition.

The Economics of Rescue vs. Prevention

Large-scale mine rescue operations carry significant costs. The 2010 Chilean rescue cost an estimated $20 million, with private donations covering one-third and the remainder split between the mine owners and the Chilean government [12]. Cost estimates for the Santa Fe operation have not been publicly released, but the 15-day multi-agency deployment of over 300 personnel, military divers, helicopter transport, continuous pumping operations, and exploratory drilling represents a substantial expenditure [2][7].

Critics of high-profile rescue mobilizations argue that the resources directed at individual incidents would save more lives if invested in systematic safety enforcement. The data from Mexico offers partial support for this view: the period of declining accident rates after 2018 coincided with increased regulatory attention following repeated public outcry over disasters like Pasta de Conchos [15][16]. At El Pinabete in 2022, the absence of any prior inspection proved fatal for 10 miners [18].

Research from NIOSH (the U.S. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health) and others has found that each of the five most common mining injuries can cost a company more than $100,000, requiring nearly $2 million in additional revenue to offset those injury costs—making prevention economically rational even before accounting for the human cost [22]. Countries with robust inspection regimes, such as Australia (fewer than 10 mining deaths per year since 2000) and the United States (which saw 29 mine-related deaths in 2020), have achieved substantially lower fatality rates than Mexico, though direct comparisons must account for differences in the scale and nature of mining operations [14][23].

What Comes Next for the Miners and Their Families

Francisco Zapata Nájera and José Alejandro Cástulo Colín face recovery from physical and psychological trauma. The long-term medical effects of extended underground entrapment—including post-traumatic stress, chronic musculoskeletal problems, and respiratory issues from prolonged exposure to mine air—are well-documented in studies of the Chilean miners, many of whom struggled with depression, anxiety, and substance abuse in the years following their rescue [12][13].

Under Mexico's Federal Labor Law, workers injured in the course of employment are entitled to medical treatment, temporary disability benefits, and, in cases of permanent impairment, compensation calculated based on the severity of the disability [19]. Families of deceased miners are entitled to death benefits. The 2023 mining law reform strengthened these provisions by introducing criminal liability for operators who fail to maintain safety measures [20].

In practice, enforcement of these rights has been inconsistent. Twenty years after Pasta de Conchos, families were still fighting for accountability and recovery of remains. The IndustriALL Global Union reported in 2016 that Mexico's government had not conducted a thorough investigation, brought those responsible to justice, or adequately compensated victims' families [16]. Countries with stronger labor protections—Australia, Chile (post-reform), Canada—provide more comprehensive frameworks including mandatory employer-funded rehabilitation programs, independent safety boards with shutdown authority, and statutory compensation funds that do not depend on individual litigation [12].

The Sinaloa State Attorney General's Office has initiated forensic proceedings related to the dead miner's remains [11]. Whether a broader criminal or administrative investigation into Industrial Minería Sinaloa's compliance with safety regulations and reporting requirements will follow remains to be seen.

The Fourth Miner

As of April 10, 2026, one miner from the Santa Fe collapse remains missing. Over 300 rescue personnel continue search operations [7][11]. President Sheinbaum addressed the families directly: "Our hearts are with you" [11].

The outcome for this fourth worker—whose name has not been publicly confirmed—will determine whether the Santa Fe mine produces a story of survival against odds or joins Pasta de Conchos and El Pinabete as another chapter in Mexico's unresolved reckoning with the cost of extracting wealth from underground.