Hubble Telescope Captures Comet K1 Breaking Apart

The 36-year-old space telescope wasn't even looking for Comet K1 when it caught one of the rarest events in solar system science — a comet dying in real time.

The Lucky Break

John Noonan was scrolling through fresh Hubble data when he noticed something wrong. There were four comets in his images. He had only pointed the telescope at one.

"While I was taking an initial look at the data, I saw that there were four comets in those images when we only proposed to look at one," said Noonan, a research professor at Auburn University's Department of Physics [1]. What he was seeing was Comet C/2025 K1 (ATLAS) — a roughly 8-kilometer-wide ball of ancient ice and rock — tearing itself apart approximately 400 million kilometers from Earth.

The observations, taken over three consecutive days from November 8 to 10, 2025, represent the earliest that Hubble has ever caught a comet in the act of fragmenting. Typically, by the time a space telescope trains its optics on a disintegrating comet, weeks or even months have passed since the initial breakup. This time, the team estimates fragmentation had begun just eight days before Hubble's lens clicked [2].

The peer-reviewed findings were published on March 18, 2026 in the journal Icarus, under the title "Sequential fragmentation of C/2025 K1 (ATLAS) after its near-Sun passage" [1][3].

How K1 Came Apart

Four Fragments, Then More

Hubble's three 20-second exposures — one per day across November 8-10 — revealed at least four distinct fragments, each enveloped in its own coma, the fuzzy halo of gas and dust that surrounds a comet's icy nucleus [1][2]. While Hubble cleanly resolved the individual pieces, ground-based telescopes could only make out barely distinguishable bright blobs [4].

The drama did not stop at four. During the three-day observation window, one of K1's smaller fragments was observed breaking apart further — a process the researchers describe as sequential fragmentation [3]. By November 13, ground observers reported three visible fragments; by November 25, a fourth had appeared and one fragment had brightened significantly [5]. Later observations from the Gemini North Observatory on Mauna Kea documented major fragments separated by approximately 1,900 kilometers [6].

The Perihelion Trigger

K1's breakup was not random. On October 8, 2025, the comet made its perihelion — its closest approach to the Sun — passing inside Mercury's orbit at roughly 0.33 AU, or about one-third of Earth's distance from the Sun [4][7]. At that proximity, the comet endured extreme solar heating and gravitational stress.

The Hubble images were captured just one month after this scorching encounter. Long-period comets like K1 tend to fragment shortly after perihelion, when accumulated thermal stress and internal gas pressure reach critical thresholds [2]. The intense solar radiation heats volatile ices beneath the surface, building pressure that can explosively breach the nucleus. Tidal forces from the Sun's gravity compound the structural strain.

What makes K1 particularly interesting is the observed delay between the moment of fragmentation and a subsequent brightening visible from the ground. The research team theorizes that a dust layer forms over freshly exposed ice surfaces, temporarily insulating the interior before subsurface pressure builds enough to explosively eject the dust [1][4]. This mechanism — a kind of geological "pressure cooker" effect — had been hypothesized but never before observed at this temporal resolution.

A Chemically Strange Comet

Beyond the spectacle of its destruction, K1 turned out to be chemically unusual. Ground-based spectroscopic analysis revealed that the comet is significantly depleted in carbon compared with other comets [1][2][8].

This matters because comets are time capsules. They are leftovers from the era of solar system formation — frozen samples of the primordial materials that coalesced 4.6 billion years ago into the planets, moons, and asteroids we see today [2]. Most comets from the Oort Cloud, the distant reservoir where K1 originated, carry a relatively consistent chemical signature. K1's carbon deficit suggests it may have formed in a different region of the early solar nebula, or under conditions that depleted carbon-bearing compounds before they could be incorporated into the nucleus.

Spectroscopic analysis from Hubble's Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph (STIS) and Cosmic Origins Spectrograph (COS) instruments is expected to yield far more detailed compositional data in the coming months [2][8]. Because fragmentation exposes the comet's interior — material that has been sealed from sunlight and cosmic radiation for billions of years — researchers have a rare opportunity to study unprocessed primordial matter that intact comets cannot reveal.

"The irony is now we're just studying a regular comet and it crumbles in front of our eyes," said Dennis Bodewits, principal investigator of the Hubble study and a physicist at Auburn University [4].

How K1 Compares to Other Comet Breakups

Comet fragmentation is not unheard of, but catching one in progress remains exceptionally rare. The Greek historian Ephorus documented what may have been a comet splitting apart during the winter of 372-373 BCE [9]. In the modern era, several notable disintegrations have been studied:

• Comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 (1994): Shattered by Jupiter's tidal forces during a close encounter in 1992, its 21 fragments slammed into Jupiter's atmosphere in July 1994 — the first directly observed collision between two solar system bodies [9].
• Comet 3D/Biela (1846): Split into two pieces visible to the naked eye, then disappeared entirely [9].
• Comet 73P/Schwassmann-Wachmann 3 (1995-2006): Fragmented into dozens of pieces over multiple perihelion passages, with Hubble observing ongoing disintegration in 2006 [9][10].
• Comet C/2019 Y4 (ATLAS) (2020): Broke into roughly 30 fragments, captured by Hubble in April 2020 [10].

Source: NASA / ESA Hubble Archives / Published Studies

Data as of Mar 19, 2026CSV

What distinguishes K1 is the timing of Hubble's observations — just eight days after the onset of fragmentation, compared with weeks or months for prior events. This provides an unprecedented look at the earliest physical processes driving nuclear disruption.

A broader pattern emerges from these observations: long-period comets like K1, which take thousands or millions of years to complete a single orbit, fragment significantly more often than short-period comets like 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko, the target of ESA's Rosetta mission [2][10]. The reason remains one of cometary science's open questions. One hypothesis is that long-period comets, making their first or second close approach to the Sun, have never been thermally processed and are structurally weaker. Short-period comets, by contrast, have been "heat-treated" over many orbits, potentially sintering their surfaces into a more cohesive structure.

Hubble's Happy Accident — And the Telescope Time Question

The K1 observation was never supposed to happen. The Auburn University team had won competitive Hubble time to study a different comet, which became unviewable due to new technical constraints on the telescope [1][4]. K1 was selected as a replacement target — a routine comet to keep the approved program productive.

This serendipity raises questions about how the 36-year-old telescope allocates its remaining operational life. Hubble receives approximately 1,000 observing proposals per cycle, competing for roughly 2,700 orbits of telescope time [11]. The Space Telescope Science Institute (STScI) reserves up to 10 percent of Hubble's time as "Director's Discretionary Time," specifically earmarked for unpredictable phenomena — a new supernova, an unexpected collision, or a comet falling apart [11].

K1's observation, however, did not draw from discretionary time. It was standard allocated time that happened to capture an extraordinary event. Each Hubble orbit costs NASA an estimated $20,000-$25,000 in operational expenses, though the agency does not publish per-observation cost breakdowns [11]. The K1 images required only three 20-second exposures across three orbits — a remarkably small investment for a discovery now published in a top planetary science journal.

The Cycle 34 Call for Proposals, open through April 16, 2026, will determine Hubble's next round of scientific priorities [11]. With the telescope's gyroscopes aging and its instruments gradually degrading, every orbit carries increasing scientific weight.

The Multi-Observatory Picture

Hubble was not the only eye on K1. A constellation of telescopes — both professional and amateur — contributed to the emerging picture:

Gemini North Observatory (Mauna Kea, Hawaii): Using its 8.1-meter mirror, Gemini captured high-resolution imagery on November 11 and December 6, 2025, documenting the evolving fragment field [6].

Teide Observatory (Canary Islands, Spain): Reported the fragmentation on November 10, 2025, providing critical ground-based confirmation contemporaneous with Hubble's observations [5].

Virtual Telescope Project (Italy): Captured three to four distinct nucleus fragments in early November using a Celestron C14 telescope, demonstrating that even modest equipment could detect the event [6].

Asiago Observatory (Italy): Confirmed fragment separation using its 1.82-meter Copernicus telescope [6].

James Webb Space Telescope: JWST made follow-up observations in January 2026, detecting a second fragmentation event on Fragment C — evidence that the breakup process continued for months after the initial disruption [5].

Hubble's unique contribution lies in its optical resolution. From low Earth orbit, above atmospheric distortion, its instruments resolve fine structural details that ground-based telescopes cannot match — even those with adaptive optics. This allowed the team to trace individual fragments back to their position within the original nucleus, reconstructing the sequence of the breakup [1][2].

JWST, while far more powerful in infrared wavelengths, is optimized for deep-space observations and operates at the L2 Lagrange point roughly 1.5 million kilometers from Earth. For bright, nearby solar system objects in visible and ultraviolet light, Hubble remains the sharper tool [11].

Where Do the Fragments Go?

K1 is not coming back. The comet is on a hyperbolic or near-hyperbolic trajectory, heading permanently out of the solar system [4][7]. Currently located approximately 400 million kilometers from Earth in the constellation Pisces, the fragment cloud poses zero impact risk to Earth or any operational spacecraft.

The fragments will continue to separate as they drift outward, each following a slightly different trajectory influenced by outgassing forces, solar radiation pressure, and their individual masses. Over the next 6-24 months, the debris field will spread further, and the fragments will dim as they recede from the Sun and exhaust their remaining volatile ices.

For ground-based observers, the fragments are already fading. Professional observatories with large-aperture telescopes may continue to track the brightest fragments for several more months, but the window for productive science is narrowing.

ESA's upcoming Comet Interceptor mission, scheduled to launch later this decade, aims to visit a long-period comet making its first approach to the inner solar system [10]. The K1 observations will directly inform that mission's science planning — the fragmentation dynamics, chemical anomalies, and surface processes documented here provide a template for what Comet Interceptor might encounter.

What K1 Tells Us About the Early Solar System

The destruction of Comet K1 is, paradoxically, a scientific windfall. Intact comets reveal their surface chemistry, but fragmentation exposes the interior — pristine material sealed since the solar system's formation 4.6 billion years ago.

K1's carbon depletion is the first puzzle. If confirmed by Hubble's spectroscopic instruments, it would suggest that the early solar nebula was chemically heterogeneous at scales smaller than previously assumed. Different comets forming in different zones of the protoplanetary disk would have incorporated different ratios of carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen compounds — a finding with implications for models of how organic molecules were distributed across the young solar system.

The fragmentation mechanics offer a second line of inquiry. The delay between breakup and brightening, the sequential nature of the fragmentation, and the structural weakness implied by perihelion-triggered disruption all constrain models of how comet nuclei are assembled. Are they monolithic blocks of ice and rock, or loosely bound rubble piles? K1's behavior suggests the latter — a nucleus held together more by cohesion than compressive strength, vulnerable to thermal shock and internal gas pressure.

These are not abstract questions. Comets delivered water and organic molecules to the early Earth. Understanding their composition and structural properties is, in a real sense, understanding the delivery mechanism for the ingredients of life.

As Noonan put it: "Sometimes the best science happens by accident" [4].

The study, "Sequential fragmentation of C/2025 K1 (ATLAS) after its near-Sun passage," was published March 18, 2026 in the journal Icarus. The research was led by Dennis Bodewits and John Noonan of Auburn University.