FCC Weighs Approval for Giant Mirror Satellite to Beam Sunlight at Cities

The Federal Communications Commission faces one of the most unusual decisions in its history: whether to greenlight a California startup's plan to place a giant mirror in orbit and beam reflected sunlight down onto darkened cities. It is a proposal that reads like science fiction, backed by serious venture capital — and opposed by a growing coalition of scientists who warn it could wreck the night sky, disrupt ecosystems, and end ground-based astronomy as we know it.

The Company and the Vision

Reflect Orbital, founded in 2021 by 29-year-old Cape Cod native Ben Nowack and co-founder Tristan Semmelhack, wants to "sell sunlight." The Hawthorne, California-based company envisions a future where darkness is optional — where solar farms keep generating power after sunset, where disaster zones receive instant illumination, and where cities can dial up light from space on demand [1][2].

Nowack, a former engineer at SpaceX and Zipline who reportedly built fusion reactors in high school, frames the ambition in planetary terms. "We are trying to build something that could replace fossil fuels and really power everything," he told the New York Times [3]. The company has attracted heavyweight investors: a $6.5 million seed round backed by Sequoia Capital in 2024, followed by a $20 million Series A led by Lux Capital, bringing total funding to approximately $35 million [4][5].

The business model is deceptively simple. Reflect Orbital does not plan to sell satellites; it plans to sell light. A "pay-per-beam" subscription service would allow utilities, governments, or private facilities to purchase directed sunlight at roughly $5,000 per hour per mirror [1][6].

Earendil-1: The First Test

The immediate question before the FCC concerns Earendil-1, a single demonstration satellite that Reflect Orbital filed to launch on July 31, 2025. Named after the Tolkien character who carried a star across the sky, Earendil-1 would deploy an 18-meter by 18-meter (approximately 60 by 60 feet) thin-film reflector in a sun-synchronous orbit at an altitude of 600 to 650 kilometers [1][7].

The satellite would produce a beam of reflected sunlight approximately 5 kilometers in diameter on Earth's surface — comparable in brightness to the full moon [7][8]. The company is targeting an April 2026 launch, contingent on FCC approval [9].

But Earendil-1 is merely a proof of concept. Reflect Orbital's roadmap calls for 1,000 satellites by the end of 2028, 4,000 by 2030, and eventually 50,000 by 2035 — a constellation five times larger than SpaceX's current Starlink fleet [1][10]. At full scale, the company claims the system could deliver 36,000 lux of illumination (comparable to daylight) for hours at a time, and 100 lux continuously around the clock [7].

The Physics Problem

Independent scientists have scrutinized these claims and found them wanting. Astrophysicist Ethan Siegel, writing for Big Think, calculated that a single 54-meter satellite would deliver only about 0.04 watts per square meter of reflected power — roughly one 340,000th of midday sunlight [11]. Orbital mechanics impose severe constraints: each satellite can illuminate a ground location for no more than approximately 210 seconds (3.5 minutes) per pass, requiring constant handoffs among thousands of mirrors to maintain continuous coverage.

Even in Reflect Orbital's most ambitious scenario of 250,000 satellites, Siegel found the constellation could deliver "only about 20 percent of the midday Sun's light to approximately 80 locations" simultaneously — the equivalent of powering just 16 additional solar plants at night [11].

Michael Brown, an astronomer at Australia's Monash University, filed a formal comment on Reflect Orbital's FCC application reaching a similar conclusion: "Over 3,000 satellites would be required to produce the equivalent of just 20 percent of the midday Sun at a single site" [1].

By 2030, the company itself projects a more modest goal — enough satellites to provide solar farms with 200 watts per square meter, equivalent to the sun at dawn and dusk, during peak evening demand hours [6].

The Astronomical Nightmare

If the physics are questionable, the astronomical consequences are not. The scientific community's opposition has been swift, organized, and fierce.

DarkSky International, the leading dark sky advocacy organization, issued a formal statement opposing Reflect Orbital's proposal [12]. The American Astronomical Society launched an action alert urging astronomers and the public to submit comments to the FCC, warning that the constellation would cause irreversible harm to ground-based observation [13].

The concerns are specific and alarming. Each 18-meter mirror, when reflecting sunlight, would appear brighter than the full moon to observers on the ground. Even outside the directly illuminated 5-kilometer zone, the mirrors would be visible as extraordinarily bright points of light at distances of up to 100 kilometers — bright enough to confuse migratory birds, saturate astronomical detectors, and ruin long-exposure images [10][14].

For telescopes like the Vera C. Rubin Observatory, currently under construction in Chile with a mission to survey the entire visible sky, the brightness of these mirrors could approach the intensity of the sun's surface through the optics — posing a genuine risk of permanent damage to instruments and, potentially, to the eyes of observers using binoculars or small telescopes [11][14].

This comes on top of existing satellite pollution. More than 13,000 spacecraft currently orbit Earth, over half of them Starlink satellites. Projections suggest the population could reach 56,000 by the end of the decade even without Reflect Orbital, contaminating an estimated 39.6% of Hubble Space Telescope images [15]. Adding tens of thousands of intentionally reflective mirrors would compound an already urgent problem.

Source: GDELT Project

Data as of Mar 11, 2026CSV

The Ecological Stakes

The astronomical objections, while serious, may not represent the most consequential risk. A growing body of research links artificial light at night to profound ecological disruption — and Reflect Orbital's system is, by design, a massive source of it.

Martha Hotz Vitaterna, a neurobiology researcher at Northwestern University, warned that "the implications for wildlife, for all life, are enormous" [1]. Light pollution has been documented to disrupt circadian rhythms across species, altering animal breeding cycles, insect hibernation patterns, bird migration routes, and plant pollination timing [1][11].

Reflect Orbital's website states the constellation would "maintain strict exclusion zones for astronomy and sensitive environments," but the American Astronomical Society has noted it has received no confirmation of how those exclusion zones would be defined, chosen, or enforced [13]. Light does not obey sharp boundaries: a 5-kilometer beam would scatter through the atmosphere, raising sky brightness across a much wider area.

For nocturnal species — from moths and bats to sea turtles and owl populations — the conversion of nighttime habitat into something resembling perpetual twilight could be devastating. And unlike ground-based light pollution, which can be shielded, redirected, or turned off, orbital light beams would be visible across vast distances and controllable only by the satellite operator.

A Regulatory Black Hole

Perhaps the most striking aspect of the Reflect Orbital saga is how it has exposed a fundamental gap in space governance. The FCC, the agency reviewing the application, has jurisdiction over satellite communications — whether the satellite's radio transmissions interfere with other signals and whether it can safely deorbit. It has no mandate to assess light pollution, environmental impact, or astronomical interference [1][13].

"We just don't have a regulatory process for these types of novel space activities yet," said Roohi Dalal, an astronomer and director of public policy at the American Astronomical Society [1].

No federal agency currently has clear authority over the brightness of objects in orbit. The Federal Aviation Administration licenses launches but does not regulate what satellites do once deployed. The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration oversees Earth-observation licensing but has no jurisdiction over illumination systems. The Environmental Protection Agency's mandate does not extend to space.

The public comment period for Reflect Orbital's FCC application closed on March 9, 2026. But even if the FCC approves the communications license, the broader question — whether any company should be permitted to fundamentally alter the night sky — remains unanswered by any regulatory framework [9][12].

Historical Echoes: Russia's Znamya Experiment

Reflect Orbital is not the first to dream of mirrors in space. In the early 1990s, Russian engineer Vladimir Syromyatnikov led the Znamya project, which aimed to extend daylight for Soviet cities and farms. On February 4, 1993, the Znamya-2 experiment deployed a 20-meter reflector from a Progress cargo spacecraft near the Mir space station. The mirror successfully produced a 5-kilometer bright spot — comparable in luminosity to the full moon — that swept across Europe from southern France to western Russia at 8 kilometers per second [16][17].

A follow-up attempt in 1999, Znamya-2.5, used a larger 25-meter mirror intended to produce five to ten times the brightness of the full moon. But the mirror snagged on the Progress spacecraft's antenna during deployment, ripped, and was deorbited. The Russian Federal Space Agency abandoned the program [16].

Three decades later, the physics remain the same, but the economics have shifted. Launch costs have plummeted thanks to SpaceX's reusable rockets, thin-film mirror technology has matured, and venture capital is eager to fund audacious space ventures. What was once a state-funded experiment is now a VC-backed startup.

The Solar Energy Context

Reflect Orbital's pitch arrives at a moment of explosive growth in solar energy. U.S. solar electricity generation has grown from approximately 25,000 gigawatt-hours in 2015 to nearly 296,000 gigawatt-hours in 2025 — a twelve-fold increase in a decade [18]. Solar's inherent limitation — it produces nothing after dark — remains the industry's central challenge, driving enormous investment in battery storage and grid modernization.

Source: U.S. Energy Information Administration

Data as of Mar 11, 2026CSV

The idea of extending solar generation into nighttime hours is genuinely appealing to utilities and grid operators. But critics argue that the same investment in battery storage, demand response, and grid interconnection could solve the problem far more cheaply and without environmental externalities. Siegel noted that existing energy storage solutions already address the intermittency problem "with none of the many significant consequences" posed by orbital mirrors [11].

Safety in the Sky

Beyond ecology and astronomy, there are immediate safety concerns. Moving beams of light from space-based mirrors could create sudden flashes, glare, or sweeping illumination patterns visible to aircraft pilots, drivers, and the public [14]. A malfunctioning mirror could direct intense light at unintended locations. The satellites would also face hundreds of micrometeoroid and debris impacts annually, raising the specter of uncontrolled light beams from damaged reflectors [11].

At the planned constellation density, the risk of cascading collisions — known as Kessler syndrome — also rises meaningfully. Each additional large object in low Earth orbit increases the probability of a chain reaction that could render entire orbital bands unusable for decades.

What Happens Next

The FCC's decision on Earendil-1 will not resolve the larger debate, but it will set a precedent. If approved, Reflect Orbital would proceed with its demonstration mission, generating data that would support — or undermine — its case for the full constellation. If denied or delayed, the company faces a timeline setback, though the underlying regulatory question remains open.

The scientific community is mobilized. The American Astronomical Society, DarkSky International, and individual astronomers worldwide have filed comments and organized public campaigns. The question is whether their concerns will carry weight against the commercial pressure from a well-funded startup operating in a regulatory vacuum.

At its core, the Reflect Orbital debate is about something larger than one company's business plan. It is about who owns the night sky — and whether the darkness that has shaped every ecosystem on Earth, enabled every civilization's astronomy, and regulated every organism's circadian biology can be sold to the highest bidder.

The FCC, an agency built to manage radio spectrum, now finds itself an accidental arbiter of one of humanity's oldest shared resources: the dark.