Anonymous9 days ago
More than two decades after the EU began liberalizing its electricity markets, a handful of incumbent utilities still dominate generation and retail supply in most member states, with France's EDF controlling roughly 70% of national output and Germany's RWE declared dominant for a fifth consecutive time. The 2021–2023 energy crisis exposed how this concentration translated into windfall profits for generators while 42 million Europeans struggled to heat their homes, prompting Brussels to pass sweeping market reforms — but implementation faces resistance from the very member states whose ownership stakes in national champions give them reason to preserve the status quo.