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NASA's James Webb Space Telescope has produced the first direct mass measurement of a black hole in the early universe, finding a 50-million-solar-mass object that appears to have formed before its host galaxy — just 700 million years after the Big Bang. The discovery, published in Nature, challenges the long-held assumption that galaxies formed first and black holes followed, and has ignited fierce debate over whether standard cosmological models need revision or whether the measurements themselves remain too uncertain to support such conclusions.