Iran Conflict Drives Energy Price Increases for Millions of Consumers

On February 27, 2026, Brent crude oil traded at roughly $72 per barrel. By early April, it had hit $126 — a 75% spike that the International Energy Agency called "the largest supply disruption in the history of the global oil market" [1]. The cause: a military conflict between the United States and Iran that shut down the Strait of Hormuz, the narrow waterway through which roughly 20 million barrels of oil pass every day [2].

Three months later, prices have eased but remain elevated. The Consumer Price Index rose 3.8% year-over-year in April 2026, up sharply from the 2.5% pace seen before the conflict [3]. Gas stations, utility bills, and grocery receipts across the U.S. and Europe tell the story of a price shock that economists are comparing to the 1973 OPEC embargo and the 2022 Russia-Ukraine energy crisis [4].

The Chokepoint That Broke the Market

The Strait of Hormuz, a 21-mile-wide passage between Iran and Oman, is the most important oil transit chokepoint on Earth. In normal times, roughly 20 million barrels per day — about 20% of global seaborne oil trade — pass through it [2]. In 2024, 84% of crude shipments through the Strait were destined for Asian markets; China alone received a third of its oil imports via this route [5].

When Iranian military actions and retaliatory U.S. strikes escalated in late February and March 2026, shipping through the Strait collapsed. Major carriers including Maersk, CMA CGM, and Hapag-Lloyd suspended transits [5]. Oil flows fell from 20 million barrels per day to roughly 1 million — a 95% reduction that represented the longest sustained closure of the waterway in modern history [2].

Source: IEA / Dallas Fed

Data as of May 1, 2026CSV

The Dallas Federal Reserve documented the cascading effects: not just oil, but liquefied natural gas shipments from Qatar — which supplies roughly a fifth of global LNG — were halted after Iranian drone attacks hit nearby infrastructure [6]. European and Asian natural gas prices doubled as a result. Dutch TTF gas benchmarks, the European pricing reference, surged past 60 EUR/MWh by mid-March, compounded by European gas storage sitting at just 30% capacity after a harsh winter [7].

How the Price Spike Compares to Previous Crises

Natural gas futures rose 77% in the first nine days of the Iran conflict — comparable to the 70% spike in the first 11 days of the Russia-Ukraine war in 2022 [7]. The World Bank characterized the oil and gas shock as the largest energy price surge since 2022 [8].

But the comparison to the 1973 OPEC embargo may be more instructive. In both cases, a Middle Eastern conflict triggered an acute supply shortage rather than a gradual tightening. The IEA estimated that global oil supply plummeted by 10.1 million barrels per day in March 2026, falling to 97 million barrels per day — the single largest monthly supply decline ever recorded [1]. OPEC+ production alone dropped 9.4 million barrels per day month-over-month [1].

Source: IEA / Reuters

Data as of May 18, 2026CSV

Brent crude peaked near $126 per barrel in early April before pulling back after a ceasefire was announced on April 8 [9]. When Iran's Foreign Minister declared the Strait "fully open" on April 17, crude prices dropped more than 10% in a single session [9]. As of mid-May, Brent traded around $111 per barrel — still more than 50% above pre-war levels [9].

Who Pays the Most

The burden of higher energy costs falls unevenly. According to federal data, roughly 21.5 million U.S. households — one in six — are currently behind on their energy bills [10]. One in three households reports difficulty paying energy costs [10]. Utility arrears, which had already climbed from $15.4 billion at the end of 2021 to an estimated $23 billion in 2025, are projected to reach $28 billion in 2026 [10].

Home heating costs were projected to rise 9.2% for the 2025-2026 winter season — roughly three times the overall inflation rate — before the conflict even began [11]. The war has added further pressure. Gasoline prices climbed 7.5% nationally in the first weeks after fighting began, then spiked 30% or more in several states. New Mexico was hit hardest, with prices jumping approximately 40% [12].

The most exposed consumers are those with the fewest options: low-income renters in gas-heated homes who cannot switch fuel sources or invest in efficiency upgrades, and industrial users on variable-rate energy contracts who face immediate pass-through of wholesale price increases [11]. Thirty-three U.S. states have no shut-off protections during summer months, meaning families who fall behind on bills could lose power during heat waves [10].

Source: FRED / Bureau of Labor Statistics

Data as of Apr 1, 2026CSV

Moody's chief economist Mark Zandi warned in March that "consumers threaten to be hammered by the surge in oil prices, which has already lifted the cost of a gallon of gas by 50 cents" [12]. Inflation projections for 2026 have been revised upward across major forecasting institutions, with several economists citing increased risk of stagflation — the combination of stagnant growth and persistent inflation that defined the late 1970s [4].

Fundamentals vs. Speculation: What Is Actually Driving Prices

A central question for policymakers and consumers is how much of the price increase reflects genuine supply loss versus speculative risk premiums — the extra cost that futures traders build in to hedge against worst-case scenarios.

The physical oil market tells one story. Dubai-linked crude, the benchmark for Asian buyers, exploded to $138-140 per barrel at its peak — roughly $37-40 above futures prices for the same grade [13]. Norwegian Sverdrup crude commanded a $40-50 per barrel premium as buyers paid steep surcharges to bypass Gulf shipping entirely [13]. These physical market premiums suggest acute, real-world scarcity.

The futures market tells a different one. While front-month WTI contracts traded near $99 per barrel in April, the futures curve sloped sharply downward: mid-$70s by late 2026 and high $50s by mid-2030s [14]. This pattern — called "extreme backwardation" — indicates that traders expect the supply disruption to be temporary. One analysis described the futures market as exhibiting "complacency," with paper market pricing systematically lagging the physical reality, creating conditions that historically precede "sharp, disorderly repricing events" [13].

The disconnect suggests a market split between physical traders scrambling for actual barrels and financial traders betting on a relatively quick resolution. Both are partially right: the supply disruption was real and severe, but the April ceasefire and gradual Strait reopening have begun to ease the tightest constraints.

The Sanctions Question

Some analysts argue that Western sanctions on Iran, rather than the military conflict itself, are the primary mechanism driving price increases. The U.S. imposed new sanctions on 30 individuals, companies, and vessels connected to Iranian oil exports and announced a blockade on vessels entering or departing Iranian ports [15]. Iranian crude loadings fell from 3.8 million barrels per day in early April to a fraction of that figure [1].

The steelman version of this argument holds that Iran was already exporting under sanctions before the war — roughly 3.1 million barrels per day in January 2026 [16] — and that tightening enforcement during the conflict removed supply that could otherwise have continued flowing. Under this view, sanctions are doing more to constrain supply than the physical disruption of the Strait.

Energy economists offer a more nuanced assessment. The IEA's reporting shows that the supply loss was not limited to Iranian barrels: the broader Gulf disruption took 10.1 million barrels per day offline, affecting Saudi, Emirati, Kuwaiti, and Qatari exports alongside Iranian ones [1]. Pre-conflict Iranian production of roughly 3.1 million barrels per day represents less than a third of the total supply lost [16]. The conflict disrupted far more than sanctions alone explain, though sanctions have complicated the recovery by keeping Iranian barrels off the market even as the Strait partially reopened.

Government Responses: What Has Worked

Governments have deployed several policy tools. The largest was a coordinated strategic petroleum reserve release by 32 IEA member nations, totaling 400 million barrels. The U.S. alone authorized 172 million barrels — discharged at a rate of 1.43 million barrels per day over approximately 120 days, exceeding the previous operational maximum by 200,000 barrels per day [17]. The U.S. release was structured as an exchange rather than a sale, with plans to replace roughly 200 million barrels within one year at lower prices, theoretically at no net taxpayer cost [18].

Japan also drew from its strategic reserves [19]. The coordinated release contributed to measurable crude price easing from the all-time highs reached in late March and early April [17].

On the fiscal side, the UK's Energy Profits Levy — a windfall tax on oil and gas companies — remains at 38% through 2030 [20]. Germany, Austria, Spain, Italy, and Portugal jointly urged the European Commission to implement an EU-wide levy on excess energy profits [20]. Italy is considering a temporary 2026-2027 surcharge [20].

Historical evidence on these tools is mixed. The 2022 SPR release — 180 million barrels across IEA nations — was credited by the U.S. Department of Energy with reducing gasoline prices by roughly 17-42 cents per gallon, though independent economists debated whether the effect was that large given simultaneous demand destruction [17]. Windfall taxes have faced opposition from industry groups and some economists who argue they discourage investment in new supply. The Tax Foundation published analysis in 2026 arguing that EU windfall taxes should "be left in the past," contending they reduce long-term energy security [21].

The Producer Windfall

The six largest fossil fuel companies — ExxonMobil, Shell, Chevron, ConocoPhillips, BP, and TotalEnergies — are projected to earn a combined $94 billion in 2026, a figure that works out to nearly $3,000 per second [22]. Shell reported a 24% rise in Q1 profit. TotalEnergies posted a 51% jump to $5.8 billion [22].

Source: Fortune / Company Filings

Data as of May 1, 2026CSV

The gap between producer profits and consumer hardship echoes the dynamic that dominated policy debates in 2022, when the Russia-Ukraine conflict sent energy prices soaring and the UK, EU, and other jurisdictions introduced emergency profit levies. The political conditions are similar: European ministers have publicly called for new windfall taxes [20], while industry defenders argue that high profits fund the capital investment needed to bring new supply online and eventually bring prices down [21].

The distinction this time is scale and speed. The 2022 crisis unfolded over months as Russian pipeline gas was gradually curtailed. The 2026 shock was measured in days — a near-total Strait closure that removed a fifth of global seaborne oil from the market within weeks [2].

What Happens If the Conflict Ends

An April 8 ceasefire between Iran and the U.S. offered the first relief, though Strait of Hormuz ship traffic remained far below pre-war levels for weeks afterward [9]. Iran's declaration on April 17 that the Strait was "fully open" sent prices down sharply, but WTI crude still traded around $94 per barrel in mid-May — well above the pre-war $70 range [9].

Historical precedent suggests that oil prices can take months to fully normalize after a geopolitical shock, even when the underlying cause is resolved. The key variable is duration: prolonged disruptions entrench inflation expectations, alter consumer and business behavior, and force structural adjustments that do not quickly reverse [23].

Several factors could accelerate relief. Gulf states, particularly Saudi Arabia, hold spare production capacity that can be brought online within weeks. U.S. shale producers can increase output, though typical response times are 6-9 months from drilling decision to first oil. New LNG contracts signed during the crisis may diversify European and Asian supply away from Gulf dependence over the medium term [6].

Factors that could delay recovery include continued uncertainty about Strait security — insurance premiums for Gulf-bound tankers remain elevated — and the structural damage to supply chains. Even after the Strait reopened, traffic as of May 2026 remained at roughly 60% of pre-war levels [2]. Refineries that switched to alternative crude sources during the disruption face switching costs to return to Gulf suppliers.

The Broader Picture

The 2026 Iran-U.S. conflict has exposed, again, the structural fragility of a global energy system that routes a fifth of its oil through a single 21-mile-wide waterway. The Consumer Price Index hit 332.41 in April 2026, up 3.8% year-over-year, with energy costs a primary driver [3]. Twenty-one million American households are behind on their energy bills [10]. The six largest oil companies are on track for $94 billion in annual profits [22].

These numbers describe a familiar pattern: geopolitical conflict in the Middle East triggers supply disruption, consumers bear the cost, producers capture the windfall, and governments scramble to respond with tools — reserve releases, price caps, windfall taxes — that offer partial and temporary relief. The underlying vulnerability remains. Until the global energy system is less dependent on a single chokepoint, the question is not whether this pattern will repeat, but when.